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Evaluating the Influences of Health Expenditure, Energy Consumption, and Environmental Pollution on Life Expectancy in Asia

Author

Listed:
  • Jan Polcyn

    (Department of Marketing, Sumy State University, 40007 Sumy, Ukraine)

  • Liton Chandra Voumik

    (Department of Economics, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh)

  • Mohammad Ridwan

    (Department of Economics, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh)

  • Samrat Ray

    (Sai Balaji Educational Society, IIMS Pune, Pune 411033, India)

  • Viktoriia Vovk

    (Department of Economics, Stanislaw Staszic State University of Applied Sciences in Pila, 64-920 Pila, Poland)

Abstract

This study examines the effects of health expenditure, energy consumption, CO 2 emissions, population size, and income on health outcomes in 46 Asian nations between 1997 and 2019. Cross-sectional dependence (CSD) and slope heterogeneity (SH) tests are utilized due to the close linkages between Asian nations as a result of commerce, tourism, religion, and international agreements. The research uses unit root and cointegration tests of the second generation after validating CSD and SH issues. Due to the results of the CSD and SH tests, it is clear that conventional methods of estimation are inappropriate, so a new panel method, the inter autoregressive distributive lag (CS-ARDL) model, is used instead. In addition to CS-ARDL, the study’s results were checked with a common correlated effects mean group (CCEMG) method and an augmented mean group (AMG) method. According to the CS-ARDL study, higher rates of energy use and healthcare spending lead to better health outcomes for Asian countries over the long run. CO 2 emissions are shown to be harmful to human health, according to the study. The influence of a population’s size on health outcomes is shown to be negative in the CS-ARDL and CCEMG, but favorable in the AMG. Only the AMG coefficient is significant. In most instances, the results of the AMG and CCEMG corroborate the results of the CS-ARDL. Among all the factors influencing life expectancy in Asian countries, healthcare spending is the most influential. Hence, to improve health outcomes, Asian countries need to take the required actions to boost health spending, energy consumption, and long-term economic growth. To achieve the best possible health outcomes, Asian countries should also reduce their CO 2 emissions.

Suggested Citation

  • Jan Polcyn & Liton Chandra Voumik & Mohammad Ridwan & Samrat Ray & Viktoriia Vovk, 2023. "Evaluating the Influences of Health Expenditure, Energy Consumption, and Environmental Pollution on Life Expectancy in Asia," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(5), pages 1-18, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2023:i:5:p:4000-:d:1078301
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