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Risk and Protective Factors for Frailty in Pre-Frail and Frail Older Adults

Author

Listed:
  • Juan Corral-Pérez

    (ExPhy Research Group, Department of Physical Education, University of Cadiz, Puerto Real, 11519 Cadiz, Spain
    Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cadiz (INiBICA) Research Unit, Puerta del Mar University Hospital, 11009 Cadiz, Spain)

  • Laura Ávila-Cabeza-de-Vaca

    (ExPhy Research Group, Department of Physical Education, University of Cadiz, Puerto Real, 11519 Cadiz, Spain
    Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cadiz (INiBICA) Research Unit, Puerta del Mar University Hospital, 11009 Cadiz, Spain)

  • Andrea González-Mariscal

    (ExPhy Research Group, Department of Physical Education, University of Cadiz, Puerto Real, 11519 Cadiz, Spain
    Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cadiz (INiBICA) Research Unit, Puerta del Mar University Hospital, 11009 Cadiz, Spain)

  • Milagrosa Espinar-Toledo

    (Clinical Management Unit, Malaga-Guadalhorce Health District, Rincón de la Victoria, 29730 Malaga, Spain)

  • Jesús G. Ponce-González

    (ExPhy Research Group, Department of Physical Education, University of Cadiz, Puerto Real, 11519 Cadiz, Spain
    Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cadiz (INiBICA) Research Unit, Puerta del Mar University Hospital, 11009 Cadiz, Spain)

  • Cristina Casals

    (ExPhy Research Group, Department of Physical Education, University of Cadiz, Puerto Real, 11519 Cadiz, Spain
    Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cadiz (INiBICA) Research Unit, Puerta del Mar University Hospital, 11009 Cadiz, Spain)

  • María Ángeles Vázquez-Sánchez

    (Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
    PASOS Research Group, UMA REDIAS Network of Law and Artificial Intelligence Applied to Health and Biotechnology, University of Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain)

Abstract

This study aims to evaluate the differences in body composition, physical function, and physical activity between pre-frail/frail older adults and to detect risk and protective factors against frailty and physical frailty. Fried’s criteria for frailty and physical frailty using the short-performance physical battery (SPPB) were measured in 179 older participants (75.3 ± 6.4 years old). Body weight, height, and waist, arm, and leg circumferences were obtained as body composition variables. Daily accelerometer outcomes (physical activity and inactivity) were obtained. Pre-frail participants showed overall better physical function and spent more time in physical activity and less time in long inactivity periods than frail participants ( p < 0.05). Risk frailty factors were higher waist perimeter (Odds Ratio [OR]: 1.032, 95%CI: 1.003–1.062), low leg performance (OR: 1.025, 95%CI: 1.008–1.043), and inactivity periods longer than 30 min (OR:1.002, 95%CI: 1.000–1.005). Protective factors were standing balance (OR:0.908, 95%CI: 0.831–0.992) and SPPB score (OR: 0.908, 95%CI: 0.831–0.992) for frailty, handgrip strength (OR: 0.902, 95%CI: 0.844–0.964) for physical frailty, and light (OR: 0.986, 95%CI: 0.976–0.996) and moderate-to-vigorous (OR: 0.983, 95%CI: 0.972–0.996) physical activity for both. Our findings suggest that handgrip strength, balance, and physical activity are protective frailty factors and can be monitored in pre-frail older adults. Moreover, poor lower body performance and long inactivity periods are frailty risk factors, which highlights their importance in frailty assessment.

Suggested Citation

  • Juan Corral-Pérez & Laura Ávila-Cabeza-de-Vaca & Andrea González-Mariscal & Milagrosa Espinar-Toledo & Jesús G. Ponce-González & Cristina Casals & María Ángeles Vázquez-Sánchez, 2023. "Risk and Protective Factors for Frailty in Pre-Frail and Frail Older Adults," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(4), pages 1-11, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2023:i:4:p:3123-:d:1064381
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Edgar Dobriban & Art B. Owen, 2019. "Deterministic parallel analysis: an improved method for selecting factors and principal components," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B, Royal Statistical Society, vol. 81(1), pages 163-183, February.
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