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Effects of Non-Pharmacological Sleep Interventions in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Author

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  • Hye-Ja Gu

    (Department of Nursing Science, Kyungsung University, Busan 48434, Republic of Korea)

  • Oi-Sun Lee

    (Department of Nursing, Gyeongnam Geochang University, Geochang-gun 50147, Republic of Korea)

Abstract

This study investigated the effects of non-pharmacological interventions on sleep in older people through a systematic review and meta-analysis. We conducted a literature search using eight electronic databases according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses protocol. Participant characteristics, the contents of the evaluated interventions, and the measured outcomes were systematically reviewed for 15 selected studies. We performed a meta-analysis to estimate the effect size for overall, aggregated sleep outcomes. Due to the small number of studies available for each intervention, only the overall effectiveness of non-pharmacological sleep interventions was evaluated. The evaluated interventions included exercise, aromatherapy, acupressure, cognitive behavior therapy, and meditation. Our results demonstrated that non-pharmacological interventions showed statistically significant effects on sleep (effect size = 1.00, 95% confidence interval: 0.16, 1.85, I 2 = 92%, p < 0.001). After confirming publication bias and removing outliers, we found no heterogeneity (I 2 = 17%, p = 0.298), with a decrease in effect size to 0.70 (95% confidence interval: 0.47, 0.93). Non-pharmacological interventions are effective for improving sleep in older adults. Future studies should continue to investigate sleep problems and interventions addressing these problems in this demographic, particularly in older women. Objective measures should be used to follow-up on the evaluated sleep interventions over the long term.

Suggested Citation

  • Hye-Ja Gu & Oi-Sun Lee, 2023. "Effects of Non-Pharmacological Sleep Interventions in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(4), pages 1-17, February.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2023:i:4:p:3101-:d:1064023
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Manuel Weber & Thiemo Schnorr & Mareike Morat & Tobias Morat & Lars Donath, 2020. "Effects of Mind–Body Interventions Involving Meditative Movements on Quality of Life, Depressive Symptoms, Fear of Falling and Sleep Quality in Older Adults: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(18), pages 1-22, September.
    2. Maylos Rodrigo-Claverol & Carles Casanova-Gonzalvo & Belén Malla-Clua & Esther Rodrigo-Claverol & Júlia Jové-Naval & Marta Ortega-Bravo, 2019. "Animal-Assisted Intervention Improves Pain Perception in Polymedicated Geriatric Patients with Chronic Joint Pain: A Clinical Trial," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(16), pages 1-20, August.
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