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Treatment of Winery Wastewater by Combined Almond Skin Coagulant and Sulfate Radicals: Assessment of HSO 5 − Activators

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  • Nuno Jorge

    (Escuela Internacional de Doctorado (EIDO), Campus da Auga, Campus Universitário de Ourense, Universidade de Vigo, As Lagoas, 32004 Ourense, Spain
    Centro de Química de Vila Real (CQVR), Departamento de Química, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal)

  • Ana R. Teixeira

    (Centro de Química de Vila Real (CQVR), Departamento de Química, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal)

  • Lisete Fernandes

    (Centro de Química de Vila Real (CQVR), Departamento de Química, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal)

  • Sílvia Afonso

    (Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal)

  • Ivo Oliveira

    (Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal)

  • Berta Gonçalves

    (Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal)

  • Marco S. Lucas

    (Centro de Química de Vila Real (CQVR), Departamento de Química, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal)

  • José A. Peres

    (Centro de Química de Vila Real (CQVR), Departamento de Química, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal)

Abstract

The large production of wine and almonds leads to the generation of sub-products, such as winery wastewater (WW) and almond skin. WW is characterized by its high content of recalcitrant organic matter (biodegradability index < 0.30). Therefore, the aim of this work was to (1) apply the coagulation–flocculation–decantation (CFD) process with an organic coagulant based on almond skin extract (ASE), (2) treat the organic recalcitrant matter through sulfate radical advanced oxidation processes (SR-AOPs) and (3) evaluate the efficiency of combined CFD with UV-A, UV-C and ultrasound (US) reactors. The CFD process was applied with variation in the ASE concentration vs. pH, with results showing a chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal of 61.2% (0.5 g/L ASE, pH = 3.0). After CFD, the germination index (GI) of cucumber and corn seeds was ≥80%; thus, the sludge can be recycled as fertilizer. The SR-AOP initial conditions were achieved by the application of a Box–Behnken response surface methodology, which described the relationship between three independent variables (peroxymonosulfate (PMS) concentration, cobalt (Co 2+ ) concentration and UV-A radiation intensity). Afterwards, the SR-AOPs were optimized by varying the pH, temperature, catalyst type and reagent addition manner. With the application of CFD as a pre-treatment followed by SR-AOP under optimal conditions (pH = 6.0, [PMS] = 5.88 mM, [Co 2+ ] = 5 mM, T = 343 K, reaction time 240 min), the COD removal increased to 85.9, 82.6 and 80.2%, respectively, for UV-A, UV-C and US reactors. All treated wastewater met the Portuguese legislation for discharge in a municipal sewage network (COD ≤ 1000 mg O 2 /L). As a final remark, the combination of CFD with SR-AOPs is a sustainable, safe and clean strategy for WW treatment and subproduct valorization.

Suggested Citation

  • Nuno Jorge & Ana R. Teixeira & Lisete Fernandes & Sílvia Afonso & Ivo Oliveira & Berta Gonçalves & Marco S. Lucas & José A. Peres, 2023. "Treatment of Winery Wastewater by Combined Almond Skin Coagulant and Sulfate Radicals: Assessment of HSO 5 − Activators," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(3), pages 1-22, January.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2023:i:3:p:2486-:d:1051800
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Yixin Lu & Wenlai Xu & Haisong Nie & Ying Zhang & Na Deng & Jianqiang Zhang, 2019. "Mechanism and Kinetic Analysis of Degradation of Atrazine by US/PMS," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(10), pages 1-13, May.
    2. Rita Beltrão Martins & Nuno Jorge & Marco S. Lucas & Anabela Raymundo & Ana I. R. N. A. Barros & José A. Peres, 2022. "Food By-Product Valorization by Using Plant-Based Coagulants Combined with AOPs for Agro-Industrial Wastewater Treatment," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(7), pages 1-20, March.
    3. Nuno Jorge & Ana R. Teixeira & Carlos C. Matos & Marco S. Lucas & José A. Peres, 2021. "Combination of Coagulation–Flocculation–Decantation and Ozonation Processes for Winery Wastewater Treatment," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(16), pages 1-26, August.
    4. Nuno Jorge & Ana R. Teixeira & José R. Fernandes & Ivo Oliveira & Marco S. Lucas & José A. Peres, 2023. "Degradation of Agro-Industrial Wastewater Model Compound by UV-A-Fenton Process: Batch vs. Continuous Mode," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(2), pages 1-15, January.
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    1. Rita Beltrão Martins & Nuno Jorge & Marco S. Lucas & Anabela Raymundo & Ana I. R. N. A. Barros & José A. Peres, 2022. "Food By-Product Valorization by Using Plant-Based Coagulants Combined with AOPs for Agro-Industrial Wastewater Treatment," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(7), pages 1-20, March.
    2. Nuno Jorge & Ana R. Teixeira & José R. Fernandes & Ivo Oliveira & Marco S. Lucas & José A. Peres, 2023. "Degradation of Agro-Industrial Wastewater Model Compound by UV-A-Fenton Process: Batch vs. Continuous Mode," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(2), pages 1-15, January.

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