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Present and Future Drinking Water Security and Its Impacts on Maternities: A Multi-Scale Assessment of Sudan

Author

Listed:
  • Vincent Simonin

    (Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Geneva, Bd Carl-Vogt 66, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland)

  • Saeid Ashraf Vaghefi

    (Department of Geography, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland)

  • Zeinab M. Abdelgadir

    (United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS), Port Sudan, Sudan)

  • Dalya Eltayeb

    (Federal Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan)

  • Mohammed Ahmed M. Sidahmed

    (The United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), Khartoum, Sudan)

  • Jean-Pierre Monet

    (The United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), Technical Division, 605 3rd Ave, New York, NY 10158, USA)

  • Nicolas Ray

    (Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Geneva, Bd Carl-Vogt 66, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
    GeoHealth Group, Institute of Global Health, University of Geneva, 9 Chemin des Mines, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland)

Abstract

Adequate access to drinking water for hydration and hygiene depends on many factors. We developed the Drinking Water Security Index (DWSI) to assess relative multifactorial drinking water security at different spatial and temporal scales. DWSI is a function of four key indicators of drinking water security: water quality, water accessibility, water continuity, and water availability. We built DWSI with a total of 10 variables and applied the new index in Sudan to assess historical and future drinking water security at state, local, and maternity levels. Analyses at the state level found that the Red Sea and River Nile states are most vulnerable, with the lowest DWSI for both historical and future periods. The 1 km 2 pixel level analysis shows large differences in water security within the major states. Analyses at the maternity level showed that nearly 18.97 million people are affected by the 10% of maternities with the lowest DWSI, a number projected to increase by 60% by 2030. Current and future DWSI of maternities providing Emergency Obstetric and Newborn Care was assessed to identify those where urgent action is needed to ensure quality health care in water-secure conditions. This work provides useful information for stakeholders in the health and drinking water sectors in Sudan, to improve public health, reduce preventable mortality, and make the population more resilient to projected environmental changes.

Suggested Citation

  • Vincent Simonin & Saeid Ashraf Vaghefi & Zeinab M. Abdelgadir & Dalya Eltayeb & Mohammed Ahmed M. Sidahmed & Jean-Pierre Monet & Nicolas Ray, 2023. "Present and Future Drinking Water Security and Its Impacts on Maternities: A Multi-Scale Assessment of Sudan," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(3), pages 1-20, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2023:i:3:p:2204-:d:1047117
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    References listed on IDEAS

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