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Assessing Enacted Sexual Stigma toward Gay and Bisexual Men in the Military: The Enacted Sexual Stigma Experiences Scale in Military Service

Author

Listed:
  • Chung-Ying Lin

    (Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
    Biostatistics Consulting Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
    Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
    Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan)

  • Yu-Ping Chang

    (School of Nursing, The State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA)

  • Wen-Jiun Chou

    (Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical Center, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
    School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan)

  • Cheng-Fang Yen

    (Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
    Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan
    College of Professional Studies, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan)

Abstract

Gay and bisexual military servicemembers experience disproportionately high rates of victimization due to enacted sexual stigma (ESS). This study formulated a new scale, called the Enacted Sexual Stigma Experiences Scale in Military Service (ESSESiMS) for gay and bisexual servicemembers, and examined its psychometric propensities. The five-item ESSESiMS was first developed based on the results of focus group interviews with 12 participants. A total of 399 gay and bisexual men who have experience of the military service participated in the study. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was implemented to determine the factor structure of the ESSESiMS; the internal consistency and concurrent validity of the ESSESiMS was also examined. The EFA results indicate that the ESSESiMS should have a single-item structure. The ESSESiMS exhibited acceptable internal consistency and concurrent validity. Incidents of ESS in the ESSESiMS were significantly associated with perceived sexual stigma outside the military service and with higher levels of depression, loneliness, and suicidal ideation. The results of our study supported the psychometric properties of the newly developed ESSESiMS for assessing the experiences of ESS among gay and bisexual servicemembers in Taiwan. Experiences of ESS toward gay and bisexual servicemembers were common; ESS was significantly associated with adverse mental health outcomes.

Suggested Citation

  • Chung-Ying Lin & Yu-Ping Chang & Wen-Jiun Chou & Cheng-Fang Yen, 2023. "Assessing Enacted Sexual Stigma toward Gay and Bisexual Men in the Military: The Enacted Sexual Stigma Experiences Scale in Military Service," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(2), pages 1-10, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2023:i:2:p:1260-:d:1030997
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Jia-In Lee & Yu-Ping Chang & Ching-Shu Tsai & Cheng-Fang Yen, 2022. "Internalized Sexual Stigma among Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Individuals in Taiwan: Its Related Factors and Association with Mental Health Problems," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(4), pages 1-13, February.
    2. Blosnich, J.R. & Bossarte, R.M. & Silenzio, V.M.B., 2012. "Suicidal ideation among sexual minority veterans: Results from the 2005-2010 Massachusetts Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 102(S1), pages 44-47.
    3. Meng-Tsang Hsieh & Jung-Sheng Chen & Chung-Ying Lin & Cheng-Fang Yen & Mark D. Griffiths & Yu-Te Huang, 2021. "Measurement Invariance of the Sexual Orientation Microaggression Inventory across LGB Males and Females in Taiwan: Bifactor Structure Fits the Best," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(20), pages 1-12, October.
    4. Chung-Ying Lin & Ching-Shu Tsai & Cian-Ruei Jian & Shu-Ru Chao & Peng-Wei Wang & Huang-Chi Lin & Mei-Feng Huang & Yi-Chun Yeh & Tai-Ling Liu & Cheng-Sheng Chen & Ya-Ping Lin & Shu-Ying Lee & Ching-Hua, 2022. "Comparing the Psychometric Properties among Three Versions of the UCLA Loneliness Scale in Individuals with Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorder," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(14), pages 1-12, July.
    5. Chung-Ying Lin & Ching-Shu Tsai & Chia-Wei Fan & Mark D. Griffiths & Chih-Cheng Chang & Cheng-Fang Yen & Amir H. Pakpour, 2022. "Psychometric Evaluation of Three Versions of the UCLA Loneliness Scale (Full, Eight-Item, and Three-Item Versions) among Sexual Minority Men in Taiwan," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(13), pages 1-13, July.
    6. Cian-Ruei Jian & Peng-Wei Wang & Huang-Chi Lin & Mei-Feng Huang & Yi-Chun Yeh & Tai-Ling Liu & Cheng-Sheng Chen & Ya-Ping Lin & Shu-Ying Lee & Ching-Hua Chen & Yun-Chi Wang & Yu-Ping Chang & Yi-Lung C, 2022. "Association between Self-Stigma and Suicide Risk in Individuals with Schizophrenia: Moderating Effects of Self-Esteem and Perceived Support from Friends," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(22), pages 1-10, November.
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    8. Cheng-Fang Yen & Yu-Te Huang & Marc N. Potenza & Tzu-Tung Tsai & Chung-Ying Lin & Hector W. H. Tsang, 2021. "Measure of Internalized Sexual Stigma for Lesbians and Gay Men (MISS-LG) in Taiwan: Psychometric Evidence from Rasch and Confirmatory Factor Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(24), pages 1-11, December.
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