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Sex Differences in E-Cigarette Use and Related Health Effects

Author

Listed:
  • Fatima Alam

    (Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Indiana University School of Public Health Bloomington, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA)

  • Patricia Silveyra

    (Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Indiana University School of Public Health Bloomington, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
    Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 47405, USA)

Abstract

Background: Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) comprise a variety of products designed to deliver nicotine, flavorings, and other substances. To date, multiple epidemiological and experimental studies have reported a variety of health issues associated with their use, including respiratory toxicity, exacerbation of respiratory conditions, and behavioral and physiological effects. While some of these effects appear to be sex- and/or gender-related, only a portion of the research has been conducted considering these variables. In this review, we sought to summarize the available literature on sex-specific effects and sex and gender differences, including predictors and risk factors, effects on organ systems, and behavioral effects. Methods: We searched and selected articles from 2018–2023 that included sex as a variable or reported sex differences on e-cigarette-associated effects. Results: We found 115 relevant studies published since 2018 that reported sex differences in a variety of outcomes. The main differences reported were related to reasons for initiation, including smoking history, types of devices and flavoring, polysubstance use, physiological responses to nicotine and toxicants in e-liquids, exacerbation of lung disease, and behavioral factors such as anxiety, depression, sexuality, and bullying. Conclusions: The available literature supports the notion that both sex and gender influence the susceptibility to the negative effects of e-cigarette use. Future research needs to consider sex and gender variables when addressing e-cigarette toxicity and other health-related consequences.

Suggested Citation

  • Fatima Alam & Patricia Silveyra, 2023. "Sex Differences in E-Cigarette Use and Related Health Effects," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(22), pages 1-17, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2023:i:22:p:7079-:d:1282840
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Tamonwan Chankaew & Peeraporn Baiya & Dujrudee Chinwong & Voratima Yoodee & Surarong Chinwong, 2022. "Electronic Cigarettes in Thailand: Behaviour, Rationale, Satisfaction, and Sex Differences," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(14), pages 1-11, July.
    2. Alex P. Carll & Claudia Arab & Renata Salatini & Meredith D. Miles & Matthew A. Nystoriak & Kyle L. Fulghum & Daniel W. Riggs & Gregg A. Shirk & Whitney S. Theis & Nima Talebi & Aruni Bhatnagar & Dani, 2022. "E-cigarettes and their lone constituents induce cardiac arrhythmia and conduction defects in mice," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 13(1), pages 1-16, December.
    3. Rosibel Rodríguez-Bolaños & Edna Arillo-Santillán & Inti Barrientos-Gutiérrez & Luis Zavala-Arciniega & Charity A. Ntansah & James F. Thrasher, 2019. "Sex Differences in Becoming a Current Electronic Cigarette User, Current Smoker and Current Dual User of Both Products: A Longitudinal Study among Mexican Adolescents," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(1), pages 1-14, December.
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