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Reports of Negative Interactions with Healthcare Providers among Transgender, Nonbinary, and Gender-Expansive People assigned Female at Birth in the United States: Results from an Online, Cross-Sectional Survey

Author

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  • Elizabeth M. Inman

    (Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA)

  • Juno Obedin-Maliver

    (The PRIDE Study/PRIDEnet, Stanford University School of Medicine, 3180 Porter Drive, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
    Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
    Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA)

  • Sachiko Ragosta

    (Ibis Reproductive Health, 1736 Franklin, Oakland, CA 94612, USA)

  • Jen Hastings

    (Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of California, 995 Portrero Ave, San Francisco, CA 94410, USA)

  • Jasmine Berry

    (Ibis Reproductive Health, 1736 Franklin, Oakland, CA 94612, USA)

  • Mitchell R. Lunn

    (The PRIDE Study/PRIDEnet, Stanford University School of Medicine, 3180 Porter Drive, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
    Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
    Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA)

  • Annesa Flentje

    (The PRIDE Study/PRIDEnet, Stanford University School of Medicine, 3180 Porter Drive, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
    Department of Community Health Systems, University of California, 2 Koret Way, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
    Alliance Health Project, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, 1930 Market Street, San Francisco, CA 94102, USA)

  • Matthew R. Capriotti

    (The PRIDE Study/PRIDEnet, Stanford University School of Medicine, 3180 Porter Drive, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
    Department of Psychology, San José State University, 1 Washington Square, San Jose, CA 94192, USA)

  • Micah E. Lubensky

    (The PRIDE Study/PRIDEnet, Stanford University School of Medicine, 3180 Porter Drive, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
    Alliance Health Project, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, 1930 Market Street, San Francisco, CA 94102, USA)

  • Ari Stoeffler

    (Ibis Reproductive Health, 1736 Franklin, Oakland, CA 94612, USA)

  • Zubin Dastur

    (The PRIDE Study/PRIDEnet, Stanford University School of Medicine, 3180 Porter Drive, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
    Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA)

  • Heidi Moseson

    (Ibis Reproductive Health, 1736 Franklin, Oakland, CA 94612, USA)

Abstract

Over one million people in the United States are transgender, nonbinary, or gender expansive (TGE). TGE individuals, particularly those who have pursued gender-affirming care, often need to disclose their identities in the process of seeking healthcare. Unfortunately, TGE individuals often report negative experiences with healthcare providers (HCPs). We conducted a cross-sectional online survey of 1684 TGE people assigned female or intersex at birth in the United States to evaluate the quality of their healthcare experiences. Most respondents (70.1%, n = 1180) reported at least one negative interaction with an HCP in the past year, ranging from an unsolicited harmful opinion about gender identity to physical attacks and abuse. In an adjusted logistic regression model, those who had pursued gender-affirming medical care (51.9% of the sample, n = 874) had 8.1 times the odds (95% CI: 4.1–17.1) of reporting any negative interaction with an HCP in the past year, compared to those who had not pursued gender-affirming care, and tended to report a higher number of such negative interactions. These findings suggest that HCPs are failing to create safe, high-quality care interactions for TGE populations. Improving care quality and reducing bias is crucial for improving the health and well-being of TGE people.

Suggested Citation

  • Elizabeth M. Inman & Juno Obedin-Maliver & Sachiko Ragosta & Jen Hastings & Jasmine Berry & Mitchell R. Lunn & Annesa Flentje & Matthew R. Capriotti & Micah E. Lubensky & Ari Stoeffler & Zubin Dastur , 2023. "Reports of Negative Interactions with Healthcare Providers among Transgender, Nonbinary, and Gender-Expansive People assigned Female at Birth in the United States: Results from an Online, Cross-Sectio," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(11), pages 1-12, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2023:i:11:p:6007-:d:1160203
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. C. Riley Hostetter & Jarrod Call & Donald R. Gerke & Brendon T. Holloway & N. Eugene Walls & Jennifer C. Greenfield, 2022. "“We Are Doing the Absolute Most That We Can, and No One Is Listening”: Barriers and Facilitators to Health Literacy within Transgender and Nonbinary Communities," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(3), pages 1-16, January.
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