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Sex Differences in Frailty Factors and Their Capacity to Identify Frailty in Older Adults Living in Long-Term Nursing Homes

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  • Nagore Arizaga-Iribarren

    (Department of Nursing II, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, 20014 Donostia/San Sebastián, Spain
    Osakidetza Basque Health Service, Hematology Service, Donostia University Hospital, 20014 Donostia/San Sebastián, Spain)

  • Amaia Irazusta

    (Department of Nursing I, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, 48940 Leioa, Spain)

  • Itxaso Mugica-Errazquin

    (Department of Nursing II, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, 20014 Donostia/San Sebastián, Spain)

  • Janire Virgala-García

    (Osakidetza Basque Health Service, OSI Tolosaldea, Tolosa Primary Care Center, 20400 Tolosa, Spain)

  • Arantxa Amonarraiz

    (San José Long-Term Nursing Home, 20240 Ordizia, Spain)

  • Maider Kortajarena

    (Department of Nursing II, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, 20014 Donostia/San Sebastián, Spain)

Abstract

Frailty is a phenomenon that precedes adverse health events in older people. However, there is currently no consensus for how to best measure frailty. Several studies report that women have a higher prevalence of frailty than men, but there is a gap in studies of the high rates of frailty in older people living in long-term nursing homes (LTNHs) stratified by sex. Therefore, we analyzed health parameters related to frailty and measured their capacity to identify frailty stratified by sex in older people living in LTNHs. According to the Fried Frailty Phenotype (FFP), anxiety increased the risk of frailty in women, while for men functionality protected against the risk of frailty. Regarding the Tilburg Frailty Indicator (TFI), functionality had a protective effect in men, while for women worse dynamic balance indicated a higher risk of frailty. The analyzed parameters had a similar capacity for detecting frailty measured by the TFI in both sexes, while the parameters differed in frailty measured by the FFP. Our study suggests that assessment of frailty in older adults should incorporate a broad definition of frailty that includes not only physical parameters but also psycho-affective aspects as measured by instruments such as the TFI.

Suggested Citation

  • Nagore Arizaga-Iribarren & Amaia Irazusta & Itxaso Mugica-Errazquin & Janire Virgala-García & Arantxa Amonarraiz & Maider Kortajarena, 2022. "Sex Differences in Frailty Factors and Their Capacity to Identify Frailty in Older Adults Living in Long-Term Nursing Homes," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(1), pages 1-14, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2022:i:1:p:54-:d:1009739
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Danan Gu & Matthew E. Dupre & Jessica Sautter & Haiyan Zhu & Yuzhi Liu & Zeng Yi, 2009. "Frailty and Mortality Among Chinese at Advanced Ages," The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, The Gerontological Society of America, vol. 64(2), pages 279-289.
    2. Priscila Marconcin & Sharon Barak & Gerson Ferrari & Élvio R. Gouveia & Marcelo de Maio Nascimento & Renata Willig & Margarida Varela & Adilson Marques, 2022. "Prevalence of Frailty and Its Association with Depressive Symptoms among European Older Adults from 17 Countries: A 5-Year Longitudinal Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(21), pages 1-11, October.
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