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Human Excreta and Food Waste of a Typical Rural Area in China: Characteristics and Co-Fermentation

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  • Jean Joël Roland Kinhoun

    (State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
    Water Pollution and Control Department, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Ao Li

    (State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
    Water Pollution and Control Department, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Minghuan Lv

    (State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
    Water Pollution and Control Department, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China)

  • Yunpeng Shi

    (State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
    Water Pollution and Control Department, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China)

  • Bin Fan

    (State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
    Water Pollution and Control Department, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China)

  • Tingting Qian

    (State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
    Water Pollution and Control Department, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China)

Abstract

Human excreta (HE) and food waste (FW) are the primary contaminants in rural regions. Prior to treating these contaminants, mastering their properties is required. In this study, the characteristics of the HE leaving the body and FW leaving the kitchen to the subsequent respective fermentation were studied. Moreover, two kinds of co-fermentation processes for HE and FW were also investigated on the basis of mastering the properties. The results showed that, for a healthy adult, fresh feces, urine, and FW produced were about 163 g/cap/d (57.3 gCOD/cap/d), 1.6 L/cap/d (6.7 gN/cap/d), and 250 g/cap/d (35.0 gCOD/cap/d), respectively. In HE, about 75% of nitrogen and phosphorus were contained in urine. It takes at least three days for crushed FW discharged via water flushing to settle completely, and the COD removal efficiency after precipitation was around 75%. Mixing HE with FW after discharge, i.e., the initial unit of the process was 20% more efficient in fermentation than mixing after the respective pre-fermentation. This paper presents the characteristics of HE and FW and provides the optimized co-fermentation process, which provides technical support for the realization of environmental sanitation in rural areas.

Suggested Citation

  • Jean Joël Roland Kinhoun & Ao Li & Minghuan Lv & Yunpeng Shi & Bin Fan & Tingting Qian, 2022. "Human Excreta and Food Waste of a Typical Rural Area in China: Characteristics and Co-Fermentation," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(8), pages 1-13, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:8:p:4731-:d:793537
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Giovanni Gadaleta & Sabino De Gisi & Michele Notarnicola, 2021. "Feasibility Analysis on the Adoption of Decentralized Anaerobic Co-Digestion for the Treatment of Municipal Organic Waste with Energy Recovery in Urban Districts of Metropolitan Areas," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(4), pages 1-17, February.
    2. Gahyun Baek & Danbee Kim & Jinsu Kim & Hanwoong Kim & Changsoo Lee, 2020. "Treatment of Cattle Manure by Anaerobic Co-Digestion with Food Waste and Pig Manure: Methane Yield and Synergistic Effect," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(13), pages 1-13, July.
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    Cited by:

    1. Yu Zhang & Yunpeng Shi & Shangyi Shu & Shikun Zhu & Bin Fan, 2024. "Life Cycle Assessment of Resource-Oriented Sanitation Based on Vacuum Toilet and Vacuum Kitchen Waste Shredder: A Case Study in Rural Southeastern China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(20), pages 1-14, October.

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