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Relationships of Nutritional Factors and Agrochemical Exposure with Parkinson’s Disease in the Province of Brescia, Italy

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  • Michael Belingheri

    (School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20090 Monza, Italy)

  • Yueh-Hsiu Mathilda Chiu

    (Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA)

  • Stefano Renzetti

    (Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy)

  • Deepika Bhasin

    (Department of Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA)

  • Chi Wen

    (Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA)

  • Donatella Placidi

    (Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy)

  • Manuela Oppini

    (Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy)

  • Loredana Covolo

    (Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy)

  • Alessandro Padovani

    (Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy)

  • Roberto G. Lucchini

    (Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
    Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL 11200, USA)

Abstract

Environmental exposures to agrochemicals and nutritional factors may be associated with Parkinson’s Disease (PD). None of the studies to date has examined the combined effects of diet and agricultural chemical exposure together. To address these research gaps, we aimed to assess the association of nutritional factors and agrochemical exposure with the risk of PD. A hospital-based case-control study was conducted. Multivariable logistic regressions were used to estimate the association of nutritional and agrochemical exposures with PD, adjusting for gender, age, socio-economic status, head injury, family history, smoking, metals exposure, and α-synuclein gene polymorphism. Weighted Quantile Sum (WQS) regression was applied to examine the effect of dietary components as a mixture. We recruited 347 cases and 389 controls. Parent history of PD (OR = 4.15, 95%CI: 2.10, 8.20), metals exposure (OR = 2.50, 95%CI: 1.61–3.89), SNCA rs356219 polymorphism (OR = 1.39, 95%CI: 1.04–1.87 for TC vs. TT; OR = 2.17, 95%CI: 1.43–3.28 for CC vs. TT), agrochemical exposures (OR = 2.11, 95%CI: 1.41–3.16), and being born in the Brescia province (OR = 1.83, 95%CI: 1.17–2.90) were significantly associated with PD. Conversely, fish intake and coffee consumption had a protective effect. The study confirmed the role of environmental exposures in the genesis of PD. Fish intake and coffee consumption are protective factors even when agricultural chemical exposures exist. Genetic factors and metals exposure were confirmed as risk factors for PD.

Suggested Citation

  • Michael Belingheri & Yueh-Hsiu Mathilda Chiu & Stefano Renzetti & Deepika Bhasin & Chi Wen & Donatella Placidi & Manuela Oppini & Loredana Covolo & Alessandro Padovani & Roberto G. Lucchini, 2022. "Relationships of Nutritional Factors and Agrochemical Exposure with Parkinson’s Disease in the Province of Brescia, Italy," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(6), pages 1-12, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:6:p:3309-:d:768902
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Martin E. Hugh-Jones & R. Hampton Peele & Vincent L. Wilson, 2020. "Parkinson’s Disease in Louisiana, 1999–2012: Based on Hospital Primary Discharge Diagnoses, Incidence, and Risk in Relation to Local Agricultural Crops, Pesticides, and Aquifer Recharge," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(5), pages 1-22, February.
    2. Margherita Torti & Chiara Fossati & Miriam Casali & Maria Francesca De Pandis & Paola Grassini & Fabiana Giada Radicati & Paola Stirpe & Laura Vacca & Ivo Iavicoli & Veruscka Leso & Marcello Ceppi & M, 2020. "Effect of family history, occupation and diet on the risk of Parkinson disease: A case-control study," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 15(12), pages 1-15, December.
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