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Mangrove Conservation in Macao SAR, China: The Role of Environmental Education among School Students

Author

Listed:
  • Karen Araño Tagulao

    (Institute of Science and Environment, University of St. Joseph, Rua de Londres 106, Macao SAR 999078, China)

  • Allan B. I. Bernardo

    (Department of Psychology, De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Avenue, Manila 1004, Philippines)

  • Loi Hoi Kei

    (Institute of Science and Environment, University of St. Joseph, Rua de Londres 106, Macao SAR 999078, China)

  • Cristina Sousa Coutinho Calheiros

    (Institute of Science and Environment, University of St. Joseph, Rua de Londres 106, Macao SAR 999078, China
    Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, 4450–208 Matosinhos, Portugal)

Abstract

Mangrove forests are one of the most ecologically valuable ecosystems in the world and provide a wide variety of ecosystem services to coastal communities, including cities. Macao, a highly urbanized coastal city located on the southern coast of China west of the Pearl River, is home to several species of mangroves with many associated flora and fauna. Mangrove forests in Macao are vulnerable to threats due to pressure from rapid and massive urban developments in the area, which led to mangrove loss in the past decades. To address this issue, the local authorities established special Ecological Zones for the management of the local mangroves. To reinforce local conservation efforts, educating the local population about the value of mangroves, especially school students, is of utmost importance. To evaluate the impact of environmental education activities on the environmental orientation, knowledge, and values of students toward mangrove conservation in Macao, a quasi-experimental study was undertaken. The effectiveness of a mangroves exhibition and field visit were evaluated using the New Environmental Paradigm (NEP) Scale—Macao version in a group of local school students who participated in the activities. Overall, the results provided consistently positive evaluations of the impact of the environmental education program. The strongest improvements were found in the students’ pro-environmental orientations, knowledge about mangroves, and value for environmental protection.

Suggested Citation

  • Karen Araño Tagulao & Allan B. I. Bernardo & Loi Hoi Kei & Cristina Sousa Coutinho Calheiros, 2022. "Mangrove Conservation in Macao SAR, China: The Role of Environmental Education among School Students," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(6), pages 1-13, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:6:p:3147-:d:766129
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Tae Kyung Yoon & Seongjun Kim & Takako Takano & Sun-Jin Yun & Yowhan Son, 2016. "Contributing to Sustainability Education of East Asian University Students through a Field Trip Experience: A Social-Ecological Perspective," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 8(10), pages 1-19, October.
    2. Michael Getzner & Muhammad Shariful Islam, 2020. "Ecosystem Services of Mangrove Forests: Results of a Meta-Analysis of Economic Values," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(16), pages 1-13, August.
    3. Katherine Vande Velde & Jean Huge & Daniel D.A. Friess & Nico Koedam & Farid Dahdouh-Guebas, 2019. "Stakeholder discourses on urban mangrove conservation and management," ULB Institutional Repository 2013/289122, ULB -- Universite Libre de Bruxelles.
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