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Micronutrient Deficiency as a Confounder in Ascertaining the Role of Obesity in Severe COVID-19 Infection

Author

Listed:
  • Brian A. Chu

    (David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA)

  • Vijaya Surampudi

    (Center for Human Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA)

  • Zhaoping Li

    (Department of Allergy and Immunology, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Center for Human Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA)

  • Christina Harris

    (Department of Internal Medicine, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA)

  • Teresa Seeman

    (Division of Geriatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA)

  • Keith C. Norris

    (Division of General Internal Medicine-Health Services Research, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA)

  • Tara Vijayan

    (Division of Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA)

Abstract

Food insecurity in the United States has been exacerbated due to the socioeconomic strain of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Populations experiencing poverty and, as a consequence, food insecurity in the United States are disproportionately affected by obesity, which was identified early in the pandemic as a major risk factor for increased susceptibility to COVID-19 infection and mortality. Given the focus on obesity and its role in immune dysregulation, it is also important to note the role of micronutrient deficiency, another sequalae of food insecurity. Micronutrients play an important role in the ability of the immune system to mount an appropriate response. Moreover, OBESE individuals are more likely to be micronutrient deficient. This review will explore the role of micronutrients, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin C, and zinc in respiratory immunity and COVID-19 and how micronutrient deficiency may be a possible confounder in obesity’s association with severe outcomes. By illuminating the role of micronutrients in COVID-19, this paper expands the discussion from food insecurity and obesity to include micronutrient deficiency and how all of these interact in respiratory illnesses such as COVID-19.

Suggested Citation

  • Brian A. Chu & Vijaya Surampudi & Zhaoping Li & Christina Harris & Teresa Seeman & Keith C. Norris & Tara Vijayan, 2022. "Micronutrient Deficiency as a Confounder in Ascertaining the Role of Obesity in Severe COVID-19 Infection," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(3), pages 1-13, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:3:p:1125-:d:729015
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Keith C. Norris & Opeyemi Olabisi & M. Edwina Barnett & Yuan-Xiang Meng & David Martins & Chamberlain Obialo & Jae Eun Lee & Susanne B. Nicholas, 2018. "The Role of Vitamin D and Oxidative Stress in Chronic Kidney Disease," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(12), pages 1-7, November.
    2. Lewis, L.B. & Sloane, D.C. & Nascimento, L.M. & Diamant, A.L. & Guinyard, J.J. & Yancey, A.K. & Flynn, G., 2005. "African Americans' access to healthy food options in South Los Angeles restaurants," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 95(4), pages 668-673.
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