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Indicators of Climate Change, Geospatial and Analytical Mapping of Trends in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh: An Observational Study

Author

Listed:
  • Faiqa Falak

    (Department of Research, Services Institute of Medical Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan)

  • Farsom Ayub

    (Department of Research, Services Institute of Medical Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan)

  • Zunaira Zahid

    (Department of Research, Services Institute of Medical Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan)

  • Zouina Sarfraz

    (Department of Research and Publications, Fatima Jinnah Medical University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan)

  • Azza Sarfraz

    (Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan)

  • Karla Robles-Velasco

    (Department of Allergy, Immunology & Pulmonary Medicine, Universidad Espíritu Santo, Samborondón 092301, Ecuador)

  • Ivan Cherrez-Ojeda

    (Department of Allergy, Immunology & Pulmonary Medicine, Universidad Espíritu Santo, Samborondón 092301, Ecuador)

Abstract

The year 2022 has served as a recall for the impact that climate change has in the South Asian region, which is one of the most vulnerable regions to climate shock. With a paucity of climate-based and geospatial observational studies in South Asia, this paper (i) links power sectors and carbon dioxide emissions, (ii) maps nitrogen dioxide density across three countries (Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh), (iii) understands electricity generation trends and projects weather changes through 2100. We monitored data monitored between 1995 and 2021. The following databases were used: the International Energy Agency, the World Bank, the UN Food and Agricultural Organization. Raw data was obtained for climate indicators, which were entered into Microsoft Excel. Geospatial trends were generated in the ArcGIS geostatistical tool by adopting the ordinary kriging method to interpolate and create continuous surfaces depicting the concentration of nitrogen dioxide in the three countries. We found increased usage of coal and fossil fuels in three countries (Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh). Both were significant contributors to carbon dioxide emissions. The geographic localities in South Asia were densely clouded with nitrogen dioxide as reported with the tropospheric column mapping. There are expected to be increased days with a heat index >35 °C, and consecutive dry days from 2020 and 2100. We also found increased chances of flooding in certain regions across the three countries. This study monitored climate change indicators and projects between 1995 and 2100. Lastly, we make recommendations to improve the relationship of the environment and living beings.

Suggested Citation

  • Faiqa Falak & Farsom Ayub & Zunaira Zahid & Zouina Sarfraz & Azza Sarfraz & Karla Robles-Velasco & Ivan Cherrez-Ojeda, 2022. "Indicators of Climate Change, Geospatial and Analytical Mapping of Trends in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh: An Observational Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(24), pages 1-18, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:24:p:17039-:d:1007531
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Hameeda Sultan & Wajid Rashid & Jianbin Shi & Inam ur Rahim & Mohammad Nafees & Eve Bohnett & Sajid Rashid & Muhammad Tariq Khan & Izaz Ali Shah & Heesup Han & Antonio Ariza-Montes, 2022. "Horizon Scan of Transboundary Concerns Impacting Snow Leopard Landscapes in Asia," Land, MDPI, vol. 11(2), pages 1-22, February.
    2. Hameeda Sultan & Jinyan Zhan & Wajid Rashid & Xi Chu & Eve Bohnett, 2022. "Systematic Review of Multi-Dimensional Vulnerabilities in the Himalayas," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(19), pages 1-20, September.
    3. Abdul Rehman & Laura Mariana Cismas & Maria Daniela Otil, 2022. "Electrical Energy Dilemma and CO 2 Emission in Pakistan: Decomposing the Positive and Negative Shocks by Using an Asymmetric Technique," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(14), pages 1-16, July.
    4. Gurdeep Singh Malhi & Manpreet Kaur & Prashant Kaushik, 2021. "Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture and Its Mitigation Strategies: A Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(3), pages 1-21, January.
    5. Md Saidul Islam & Edson Kieu, 2020. "Tackling Regional Climate Change Impacts and Food Security Issues: A Critical Analysis across ASEAN, PIF, and SAARC," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(3), pages 1-21, January.
    6. Saima Abdul Jabbar & Laila Tul Qadar & Sulaman Ghafoor & Lubna Rasheed & Zouina Sarfraz & Azza Sarfraz & Muzna Sarfraz & Miguel Felix & Ivan Cherrez-Ojeda, 2022. "Air Quality, Pollution and Sustainability Trends in South Asia: A Population-Based Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(12), pages 1-16, June.
    7. Carrie Arnold, 2022. "Death by climate change," Nature Climate Change, Nature, vol. 12(7), pages 607-609, July.
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