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Psychometric Properties of the Italian Version of the 25-Item Hikikomori Questionnaire

Author

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  • Simone Amendola

    (Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy)

  • Fabio Presaghi

    (Department of Psychology of Development and Socialization Processes, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy)

  • Alan R. Teo

    (Center to Improve Veteran Involvement in Care (CIVIC), VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR 97239, USA
    Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA)

  • Rita Cerutti

    (Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy)

Abstract

A serious form of social withdrawal, initially described within Japan as hikikomori, has received increasing attention from the international scientific community during the last decade. The 25-item Hikikomori Questionnaire (HQ-25) was initially developed and validated in Japan. To date, data on its psychometric properties in other populations where cases of hikikomori have been described are still scarce. Thus, the aims of this study were to (1) translate, adapt, and validate the Italian version of the HQ-25 analyzing its psychometric properties; and (2) verify the association between hikikomori and personality functioning, social support, and problematic Internet use. A sample of 372 Italian adults aged 18 to 50 years completed the HQ-25 and measures of psychoticism, personality dysfunction, social support, and problematic Internet use were employed to test the convergent validity of the HQ-25. The data showed a satisfactory fit for a three-factor model, significantly better than a one-factor model. The three factors (socialization, isolation, and emotional support, as in the original study on the HQ-25) correlated positively with psychoticism, personality dysfunction, and problematic Internet use, and correlated negatively with social support. A lifetime history of hikikomori was present in 1.1% of the sample ( n = 4). This is the first study to use the Italian validated version of the HQ-25 with an adult population. The findings from this study provide evidence of the satisfactory psychometric properties of the Italian version of the HQ-25 and support further investigation of the HQ-25 as an instrument to help screen for and investigate the presence of hikikomori.

Suggested Citation

  • Simone Amendola & Fabio Presaghi & Alan R. Teo & Rita Cerutti, 2022. "Psychometric Properties of the Italian Version of the 25-Item Hikikomori Questionnaire," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(20), pages 1-13, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:20:p:13552-:d:947176
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Rosseel, Yves, 2012. "lavaan: An R Package for Structural Equation Modeling," Journal of Statistical Software, Foundation for Open Access Statistics, vol. 48(i02).
    2. Simone Amendola & Fabio Presaghi & Alan Robert Teo & Rita Cerutti, 2022. "Psychometric Properties of the Italian Version of the 25-Item Hikikomori Questionnaire for Adolescents," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(16), pages 1-17, August.
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    Cited by:

    1. Michelle Jin Yee Neoh & Alessandro Carollo & Mengyu Lim & Gianluca Esposito, 2023. "Hikikomori: A Scientometric Review of 20 Years of Research," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(9), pages 1-19, April.

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