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The Effect of Olfactory Inhalation on KPGA Golfers’ Putting Performance, Postural Stability and Heart Rate

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  • Hyoyeon Ahn

    (Department of Physical Education, College of Education, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea)

  • Jihyun Ko

    (School of Sport Science, College of Sports and Arts, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea)

Abstract

Some athletes utilize olfactory inhalation treatments using ammonia salt and aromatic oils to attain their peak performance or for physical and psychological relaxation. However, there is still a lack of clear evidence on olfactory inhalation treatment and scent types via precise experiments, and there is no research regarding fine motor control performance in activities such as golf putting. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of various olfactory inhalations (lavender, citrus, and ammonia) on professional golfers’ 3-meter putting performance (percentage of success), postural stability (CoP area), and heart rate (HR). In order to examine the effects of olfactory treatment on actual automated task performance, ten professional golfers were recruited for the putting task experiment. During the putting task, a biometric shirt was utilized to record the HR changes, and a force plate was used to measure changes in the CoP area. The results were as follows. First, the olfactory inhalation treatment inhibited the putting performance (no inhalation: 68.75%; lavender: 51.25%; citrus: 40.00%; ammonia: 52.50%); however, no statistically significant difference was found ( p = 0.115). Second, the olfactory inhalation treatment inhibited postural stability while putting; it had a partially statistically significant lower value (address: p = 0.000; downswing: p = 0.035; total putting section: p = 0.047). Third, the olfactory inhalation treatment decreased the HR during putting; however, there was no statistically significant difference between groups (address: p = 0.838; putting: p = 0.878; total: p = 0.666). This study implies that olfactory inhalation affects putting performance, postural stability, and HR. The effect size results for the olfactory treatment in the CoP area during the putting task (address: η 2 = 0.524; downswing: η 2 = 0.349; total putting section: η 2 = 0.298) suggest that arousal regulation through olfactory inhalation may have negative effects on dynamic postural stability in static tasks such as golf putting, showing the direction of its useful application for athletes in sports.

Suggested Citation

  • Hyoyeon Ahn & Jihyun Ko, 2022. "The Effect of Olfactory Inhalation on KPGA Golfers’ Putting Performance, Postural Stability and Heart Rate," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(19), pages 1-10, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:19:p:12666-:d:932865
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Gordon M. Shepherd, 2006. "Smell images and the flavour system in the human brain," Nature, Nature, vol. 444(7117), pages 316-321, November.
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    Cited by:

    1. Sameena Naaz & Sarah Ali Khan & Farheen Siddiqui & Shahab Saquib Sohail & Dag Øivind Madsen & Asad Ahmad, 2022. "OdorTAM: Technology Acceptance Model for Biometric Authentication System Using Human Body Odor," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(24), pages 1-17, December.

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