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Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Major Depressive Disorder, and Wildfires: A Fifth-Year Postdisaster Evaluation among Residents of Fort McMurray

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  • Wanying Mao

    (Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada)

  • Medard Adu

    (Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada)

  • Ejemai Eboreime

    (Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada)

  • Reham Shalaby

    (Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada)

  • Nnamdi Nkire

    (Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada)

  • Belinda Agyapong

    (Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada
    Global Psychological E-Health Foundation, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada)

  • Hannah Pazderka

    (Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada)

  • Gloria Obuobi-Donkor

    (Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada)

  • Ernest Owusu

    (Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada)

  • Folajinmi Oluwasina

    (Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada)

  • Yanbo Zhang

    (Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada)

  • Vincent I. O. Agyapong

    (Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada
    Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, 5909 Veterans Memorial Lane, 8th Floor, Abbie J. Lane Memorial Building, QEII Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS B3H 2E2, Canada)

Abstract

Background: Over 90,000 residents had to be evacuated from Fort McMurray (FMM), Alberta, Canada due to the wildfire that engulfed the city in May 2016. Overall, about 2400 homes or 10% of the housing stock in Fort McMurray were destroyed. The fire consumed about 200,000 hectors of forest, reaching into Saskatchewan. During major disasters, communities’ infrastructure is disrupted, and psychological, economic, and environmental effects are felt for years afterwards. Objective: Five years after the wildfire disaster, this study assessed the prevalence rate of major depressive disorder (MDD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in Fort McMurray residents and determined the demographic, clinical, and other risk factors of probable MDD and PTSD. Methodology: A quantitative cross-sectional survey was conducted to collect data through an online questionnaire administered via REDCap between 24 April and 2 June 2021. The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) was used to assess the presence of MDD symptoms in respondents. The PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-C) was used to assess likely PTSD in respondents. Descriptive, univariate, and multivariate regression analyses were employed. Results: 186 out of 249 individuals who accessed the survey link completed it (74.7% response rate). The median age of the subscribers was 42. The sample included a majority of 159 (85.5%) females; 98 (52.7%) > 40 years of age; 175 (94.1%) employed; and 132 (71%) in a relationship. The overall prevalence of MDD symptoms in our study sample was 45.0% (76). Four variables independently predicted MDD symptoms in the multivariate logistic regression model, including: unemployed (OR = 12.39; 95% CI: 1.21–126.37), have received a mental diagnosis of MDD (OR = 4.50; 95% CI: 1.57−12.92), taking sedative-hypnotics (OR = 5.27; 95% CI: 1.01−27.39), and willingness to receive mental health counseling (OR = 4.90; 95% CI: 1.95–12.31). The prevalence of likely PTSD among our respondents was 39.6% (65). Three independent variables: received a mental health depression diagnosis from a health professional (OR = 4.49; 95% CI: 1.40–14.44), would like to receive mental health counseling (OR = 4.36, 95% CI: 1.54–12.34), and have only limited or no support from family (OR = 11.01, 95% CI: 1.92–63.20) contributed significantly to the model for predicting likely PTSD among respondents while controlling the other factors in the regression model. Conclusions: According to this study, unemployment, taking sleeping pills, having a prior depression diagnosis, and the willingness to receive mental health counseling significantly increase the odds of having MDD and PTSD following wildfires. Family support may protect against the development of these conditions.

Suggested Citation

  • Wanying Mao & Medard Adu & Ejemai Eboreime & Reham Shalaby & Nnamdi Nkire & Belinda Agyapong & Hannah Pazderka & Gloria Obuobi-Donkor & Ernest Owusu & Folajinmi Oluwasina & Yanbo Zhang & Vincent I. O., 2022. "Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Major Depressive Disorder, and Wildfires: A Fifth-Year Postdisaster Evaluation among Residents of Fort McMurray," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(15), pages 1-21, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:15:p:9759-:d:882933
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Genevieve Belleville & Marie-Christine Ouellet & Charles M. Morin, 2019. "Post-Traumatic Stress among Evacuees from the 2016 Fort McMurray Wildfires: Exploration of Psychological and Sleep Symptoms Three Months after the Evacuation," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(9), pages 1-14, May.
    2. Yuri Sasaki & Taishi Tsuji & Shihoko Koyama & Yukako Tani & Tami Saito & Katsunori Kondo & Ichiro Kawachi & Jun Aida, 2020. "Neighborhood Ties Reduced Depressive Symptoms in Older Disaster Survivors: Iwanuma Study, a Natural Experiment," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(1), pages 1-15, January.
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    4. Chan, Christian S. & Lowe, Sarah R. & Weber, Elyssa & Rhodes, Jean E., 2015. "The contribution of pre- and postdisaster social support to short- and long-term mental health after Hurricanes Katrina: A longitudinal study of low-income survivors," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 138(C), pages 38-43.
    5. Sarita Silveira & Mariah Kornbluh & Mathew C. Withers & Gillian Grennan & Veerabhadran Ramanathan & Jyoti Mishra, 2021. "Chronic Mental Health Sequelae of Climate Change Extremes: A Case Study of the Deadliest Californian Wildfire," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(4), pages 1-15, February.
    6. Reham Shalaby & Medard K. Adu & Taelina Andreychuk & Ejemai Eboreime & April Gusnowski & Wesley Vuong & Shireen Surood & Andrew J. Greenshaw & Vincent I. O. Agyapong, 2021. "Prevalence, Demographic, and Clinical Correlates of Likely PTSD in Subscribers of Text4Hope during the COVID-19 Pandemic," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(12), pages 1-15, June.
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    Cited by:

    1. Gloria Obuobi-Donkor & Reham Shalaby & Ejemai Eboreime & Belinda Agyapong & Natalie Phung & Scarlett Eyben & Kristopher Wells & Carla Hilario & Raquel da Luz Dias & Chelsea Jones & Suzette Brémault-Ph, 2023. "Text4PTSI: A Promising Supportive Text Messaging Program to Mitigate Psychological Symptoms in Public Safety Personnel," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(5), pages 1-15, February.

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