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Association between Adequate Fruit and Vegetable Intake and CVDs-Associated Risk Factors among the Malaysian Adults: Findings from a Nationally Representative Cross-Sectional Study

Author

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  • Lay-Kim Tan

    (Sector for Biostatistics & Data Repository, Office of NIH Manager, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Shah Alam 40170, Selangor, Malaysia
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Geok-Pei Lim

    (Faculty of Applied Sciences, Tunku Abdul Rahman University College, Kuala Lumpur 53300, Malaysia
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Hui-Chin Koo

    (Faculty of Applied Sciences, Tunku Abdul Rahman University College, Kuala Lumpur 53300, Malaysia)

  • Muhd-Zulfadli-Hafiz Ismail

    (Sector for Biostatistics & Data Repository, Office of NIH Manager, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Shah Alam 40170, Selangor, Malaysia)

  • Yee-Mang Chan

    (Institute for Public Health, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Shah Alam 40170, Selangor, Malaysia)

  • Wahinuddin Sulaiman

    (Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Royal College of Medicine Perak, Ipoh 30450, Perak, Malaysia)

  • Osman Ali

    (Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Royal College of Medicine Perak, Ipoh 30450, Perak, Malaysia)

  • Chee-Cheong Kee

    (Sector for Biostatistics & Data Repository, Office of NIH Manager, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Shah Alam 40170, Selangor, Malaysia)

  • Mohd-Azahadi Omar

    (Sector for Biostatistics & Data Repository, Office of NIH Manager, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Shah Alam 40170, Selangor, Malaysia)

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between adequate fruit and vegetable intake, and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs)-associated risk factors (i.e., diabetes, hypertension and hypercholesterolemia) among Malaysian adults without history of chronic diseases. We analyzed the data from 11,172 Malaysian adults (i.e., 5554 male and 5618 female), who participated in the population-based National Health and Morbidity Survey 2015. Multiple logistic regression was employed to determine the relationship between adequate daily intake of fruit and vegetables (i.e., ≥5 servings per day) and undiagnosed diabetes, undiagnosed hypertension, and undiagnosed hypercholesterolemia, after adjustment for sociodemographic characteristics and lifestyle risk factors. The mean age (±SE) of these participants was 40.79 (±0.17) years old. Our data demonstrated an adequate daily intake of fruit and vegetables was inversely associated with undiagnosed hypercholesterolemia (adjusted OR: 0.71; 95% CI: 0.51–0.98). Further analyses demonstrated an inverse association between the adequate daily intake of vegetables alone and undiagnosed hypertension (adjusted OR: 0.71; 95% CI: 0.51–0.98). The findings from this study suggest the need for a holistic public health approach to reinforce public awareness about diet-related diseases, which will eventually aid in the prevention of CVDs among Malaysian adults in the long run.

Suggested Citation

  • Lay-Kim Tan & Geok-Pei Lim & Hui-Chin Koo & Muhd-Zulfadli-Hafiz Ismail & Yee-Mang Chan & Wahinuddin Sulaiman & Osman Ali & Chee-Cheong Kee & Mohd-Azahadi Omar, 2022. "Association between Adequate Fruit and Vegetable Intake and CVDs-Associated Risk Factors among the Malaysian Adults: Findings from a Nationally Representative Cross-Sectional Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(15), pages 1-16, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:15:p:9173-:d:873059
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Yen, Steven T. & Tan, Andrew K.G., 2011. "Fruit and vegetable consumption in Malaysia: a count system approach," 2011 International Congress, August 30-September 2, 2011, Zurich, Switzerland 115969, European Association of Agricultural Economists.
    2. Marion Devaux & Aliénor Lerouge & Giovanna Giuffre & Susanne Giesecke & Sara Baiocco & Andrea Ricci & Francisco Reyes & David Cantarero & Bruno Ventelou & Michele Cecchini, 2020. "How will the main risk factors contribute to the burden of non-communicable diseases under different scenarios by 2050? A modelling study," Post-Print hal-02873165, HAL.
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