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Associations of Urban and Green Land Covers and Heat Waves in 49 U.S. Cities between 1992 and 2019

Author

Listed:
  • Sakib Hasan

    (Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA)

  • Woonsup Choi

    (Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA)

  • Sangjun Kang

    (Department of Urban Planning & Real Estate, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Korea)

Abstract

The study aimed to examine how changing land use conditions are related to the occurrence of heat waves. The employed methods were (1) the Urban Expansion Intensity Index (UEII) and the Green Expansion Intensity (GEII) for 49 cities in the U.S. between 1992 and 2019; (2) Spearman correlation analyses of heat wave indicators including frequency, season, duration, and intensity for UEII, and GEII, respectively. Major findings include the following: (1) urban areas have increased rapidly with an average UEII value of 1.5; (2) green Areas have increased at a slow pace, which have a GEII average value of 0.017, where the median value is −0.1, meaning the green area is declining in most U.S. cities; (3) The UEII and heat wave duration show a negative relationship with a significant correlation ( γ s = −0.296 and ρ = 0.04); (4) UEII and heat wave intensity show a positive relationship with a significant correlation ( γ s = 0.32 and ρ = 0.027). It was found that heat wave intensity can be a public health issue in high urban expansion intensity areas. The results imply that cities would be better in a more compact pattern with more expanded green areas to mitigate the negative health impacts of heat waves on citizens in urban areas. It is noticeable that there are some patterns to be investigated further in the context of urban developments and heat wave characteristics.

Suggested Citation

  • Sakib Hasan & Woonsup Choi & Sangjun Kang, 2022. "Associations of Urban and Green Land Covers and Heat Waves in 49 U.S. Cities between 1992 and 2019," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(13), pages 1-14, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:13:p:7688-:d:845971
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Zambon, Ilaria & Serra, Pere & Grigoriadis, Efstathios & Carlucci, Margherita & Salvati, Luca, 2017. "Emerging urban centrality: An entropy-based indicator of polycentric development and economic growth," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 68(C), pages 365-371.
    2. Dian J. Gaffen & Rebecca J. Ross, 1998. "Increased summertime heat stress in the US," Nature, Nature, vol. 396(6711), pages 529-530, December.
    3. Dana Habeeb & Jason Vargo & Brian Stone, 2015. "Rising heat wave trends in large US cities," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 76(3), pages 1651-1665, April.
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