IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jijerp/v19y2022i12p7011-d834029.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Diabetes Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors among Women in a Rural District of Nepal Using HbA1c as a Diagnostic Tool: A Population-Based Study

Author

Listed:
  • Chandra Yogal

    (Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
    Department of Community Program, Kathmandu University School of Medical Science, Dhulikhel Hospital, Kathmandu University Hospital, Dhulikhel 45200, Nepal)

  • Sunila Shakya

    (Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel Hospital, Kathmandu University Hospital, Dhulikhel 45200, Nepal)

  • Biraj Karmarcharya

    (Department of Community Program, Kathmandu University School of Medical Science, Dhulikhel Hospital, Kathmandu University Hospital, Dhulikhel 45200, Nepal)

  • Rajendra Koju

    (Department of Internal Medicine, Dhulikhel Hospital, Kathmandu University Hospital, Dhulikhel 45200, Nepal)

  • Astrid Kamilla Stunes

    (Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway)

  • Mats Peder Mosti

    (Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway)

  • Miriam K. Gustafsson

    (Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
    Regional Education Center, Helse Midt-Norge, 7030 Trondheim, Norway)

  • Bjørn Olav Åsvold

    (K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
    Department of Endocrinology, Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs University Hospital, 7030 Trondheim, Norway)

  • Berit Schei

    (Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway)

  • Unni Syversen

    (Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
    Department of Endocrinology, Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs University Hospital, 7030 Trondheim, Norway)

Abstract

Given the scarcity of data on diabetes prevalence and associated risk factors among women in rural Nepal, we aimed to examine this, using glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) as a diagnostic tool. A cross-sectional survey addressing reproductive health and non-communicable diseases was conducted in 2012–2013 among non-pregnant, married women in Bolde, a rural district of Nepal. HbA1c ≥ 6.5% (48 mmol/mol) was used as diagnostic criterion for diabetes, a cut-off of 7.0% (53 mmol/mol) was used to increase the specificity. HbA1c was measured in 757 women (17–86 years). The prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes was 13.5% and 38.5%, respectively. When using 7.0% as a cut-off, the prevalence of diabetes was 5.8%. Aging, intake of instant noodles and milk and vegetarian food (ns) were associated with increased risk for diabetes. Waist circumference was higher among women with diabetes, although not significant. The women were uneducated (87.6%), and only 12% had heard about diabetes. In conclusion, we observed a higher prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes than anticipated among rural, Nepalese women. The increased risk was mainly attributed to dietary factors. In contrast to most previous studies in Nepal, we used HbA1c as diagnostic criterion.

Suggested Citation

  • Chandra Yogal & Sunila Shakya & Biraj Karmarcharya & Rajendra Koju & Astrid Kamilla Stunes & Mats Peder Mosti & Miriam K. Gustafsson & Bjørn Olav Åsvold & Berit Schei & Unni Syversen, 2022. "Diabetes Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors among Women in a Rural District of Nepal Using HbA1c as a Diagnostic Tool: A Population-Based Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(12), pages 1-15, June.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:12:p:7011-:d:834029
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/12/7011/pdf
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/12/7011/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Nirmal Aryal & Mark Weatherall & Yadav Kumar Deo Bhatta & Stewart Mann, 2017. "Lipid Profiles, Glycated Hemoglobin, and Diabetes in People Living at High Altitude in Nepal," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(9), pages 1-12, September.
    2. Dengfeng Gao & Ning Ning & Congxia Wang & Yuhuan Wang & Qing Li & Zhe Meng & Yang Liu & Qiang Li, 2013. "Dairy Products Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 8(9), pages 1-15, September.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Bishwajit Bhowmik & Tasnima Siddiquee & Anindita Mujumder & Faria Afsana & Tareen Ahmed & Ibrahimu A. Mdala & Nayla Cristina Do V. Moreira & Abul Kalam Azad Khan & Akhtar Hussain & Gerd Holmboe-Ottese, 2018. "Serum Lipid Profile and Its Association with Diabetes and Prediabetes in a Rural Bangladeshi Population," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(9), pages 1-12, September.
    2. Yuting Ruan & Jia Sun & Jie He & Fangyao Chen & Rongping Chen & Hong Chen, 2015. "Effect of Probiotics on Glycemic Control: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized, Controlled Trials," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 10(7), pages 1-15, July.
    3. María Angélica Arbeláez & Alejandro Becerra & Miguel Benítez & Ximena Cadena & María José Mejía, 2021. "Elementos para el diseno de un impuesto a alimentos y bebidas altos en sodio, grasas y/o azúcares en Colombia," Coyuntura Económica, Fedesarrollo, vol. 51, pages 37-79, December.
    4. Li Lin & Ciyong Lu & Weiqing Chen & Vivian Yawei Guo, 2021. "Daytime Napping and Nighttime Sleep Duration with Incident Diabetes Mellitus: A Cohort Study in Chinese Older Adults," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(9), pages 1-13, May.
    5. Arbeláez, María Angélica & Cadena, Ximena & Alejandro, Becerra & Benitez, Miguel & Mejía, María José, 2022. "Elementos para el diseño de un impuesto a alimentos y bebidas altos en sodio, grasas y/o azúcares en Colombia," Informes de Investigación 21027, Fedesarrollo.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    diabetes; HbA1c; risk factors; instant noodles; women; rural; Nepal; prevalence;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:12:p:7011-:d:834029. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.