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Neighborhood Environment Associates with Trimethylamine-N-Oxide (TMAO) as a Cardiovascular Risk Marker

Author

Listed:
  • Nicole Farmer

    (Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA)

  • Cristhian A. Gutierrez-Huerta

    (Social Determinants of Obesity and Cardiovascular Risk Laboratory, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA)

  • Briana S. Turner

    (Social Determinants of Obesity and Cardiovascular Risk Laboratory, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA)

  • Valerie M. Mitchell

    (Social Determinants of Obesity and Cardiovascular Risk Laboratory, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA)

  • Billy S. Collins

    (Social Determinants of Obesity and Cardiovascular Risk Laboratory, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA)

  • Yvonne Baumer

    (Social Determinants of Obesity and Cardiovascular Risk Laboratory, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA)

  • Gwenyth R. Wallen

    (Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA)

  • Tiffany M. Powell-Wiley

    (Social Determinants of Obesity and Cardiovascular Risk Laboratory, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
    Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Minority and Health Disparities, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA)

Abstract

Background: Neighborhoods and the microbiome are linked to cardiovascular disease (CVD), yet investigations to identify microbiome-related factors at neighborhood levels have not been widely investigated. We sought to explore relationships between neighborhood deprivation index (NDI) and the microbial metabolite, trimethylamine-N-oxide. We hypothesized that inflammatory markers and dietary intake would be mediators of the relationship. Methods: African-American adults at risk for CVD living in the Washington, DC area were recruited to participate in a cross-sectional community-based study. US census-based neighborhood deprivation index (NDI) measures (at the census-tract level) were determined. Serum samples were analyzed for CVD risk factors, cytokines, and the microbial metabolite, trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO). Self-reported dietary intake based on food groups was collected. Results: Study participants ( n = 60) were predominantly female (93.3%), with a mean (SD) age of 60.83 (+/−10.52) years. Mean (SD) NDI was −1.54 (2.94), and mean (SD) TMAO level was 4.99 (9.65) µmol/L. Adjusting for CVD risk factors and BMI, NDI was positively associated with TMAO (β = 0.31, p = 0.02). Using mediation analysis, the relationship between NDI and TMAO was significantly mediated by TNF-α (60.15%) and interleukin)-1 β (IL; 49.96%). When controlling for clustering within neighborhoods, the NDI-TMAO association was no longer significant (β = 5.11, p = 0.11). However, the association between NDI and IL-1 β (β = 0.04, p = 0.004) and TNF-α (β = 0.17, p = 0.003) remained. Neither NDI nor TMAO was significantly associated with daily dietary intake. Conclusion and Relevance: Among a small sample of African-American adults at risk for CVD, there was a significant positive relationship with NDI and TMAO mediated by inflammation. These hypothesis-generating results are initial and need to be confirmed in larger studies.

Suggested Citation

  • Nicole Farmer & Cristhian A. Gutierrez-Huerta & Briana S. Turner & Valerie M. Mitchell & Billy S. Collins & Yvonne Baumer & Gwenyth R. Wallen & Tiffany M. Powell-Wiley, 2021. "Neighborhood Environment Associates with Trimethylamine-N-Oxide (TMAO) as a Cardiovascular Risk Marker," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(8), pages 1-15, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:8:p:4296-:d:538449
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Zeneng Wang & Elizabeth Klipfell & Brian J. Bennett & Robert Koeth & Bruce S. Levison & Brandon DuGar & Ariel E. Feldstein & Earl B. Britt & Xiaoming Fu & Yoon-Mi Chung & Yuping Wu & Phil Schauer & Jo, 2011. "Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease," Nature, Nature, vol. 472(7341), pages 57-63, April.
    2. Marcus R. Andrews & Kosuke Tamura & Sophie E. Claudel & Samantha Xu & Joniqua N. Ceasar & Billy S. Collins & Steven Langerman & Valerie M. Mitchell & Yvonne Baumer & Tiffany M. Powell-Wiley, 2020. "Geospatial analysis of neighborhood deprivation index (NDI) for the United States by county," Journal of Maps, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 16(1), pages 101-112, January.
    3. Barber, S. & Hickson, D.A. & Wang, X. & Sims, M. & Nelson, C. & Diez-Roux, A.V., 2016. "Neighborhood disadvantage, poor social conditions, and cardiovascular disease incidence among African American adults in the Jackson heart study," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 106(12), pages 2219-2226.
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