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Roma Socioeconomic Status Has a Higher Impact on Smoking Behaviour than Genetic Susceptibility

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  • Mohammed Merzah

    (Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
    Doctoral School of Health Sciences, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary)

  • Zsigmond Kósa

    (Department of Health Methodology and Public Health, Faculty of Health, University of Debrecen, 4400 Nyíregyháza, Hungary)

  • János Sándor

    (Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary)

  • Shewaye Natae

    (Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
    Doctoral School of Health Sciences, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary)

  • Péter Pikó

    (MTA-DE Public Health Research Group, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary)

  • Róza Ádány

    (Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
    MTA-DE Public Health Research Group, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary)

  • Szilvia Fiatal

    (Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary)

Abstract

It is a matter of speculation whether the high prevalence of smoking among Hungarian Roma (HR) is related to genetic, gene-environmental interactions or cultural factors. Our aim is to compare the genetic susceptibility and possible effects of determinants associated with smoking behaviours in the Hungarian general (HG) and Roma populations. A complex health survey including three pillars (questionnaire, physical and laboratory examinations) was carried out (N HG = 412 and N HR = 402). Risk allele frequencies of ten single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were compared, and their combined effect was estimated by computing unweighted and weighted genetic risk scores (GRS, wGRS). The effects of genetic and environmental factors were investigated in regression analyses after confounders were introduced. Socio-economic status (SES) was calculated based on the Kuppuswamy scale 2019. Risk allele frequencies of only four SNPs were found to be different between populations ( p < 0.01). Median values of GRS did not differ, while the wGRS median was slightly higher among Roma individuals (5.2 vs. 4.9; p = 0.02). Roma individuals were more likely to be heavy smokers (OR males = 2.05, 95% CI [1.47–2.86]; OR females = 1.89, 95% CI [1.58–2.25]. Smokers have lower SES compared to never smokers (SES β HR = −0.039, p = 0.023; β HG = −0.010, p = 0.049). An inverse relationship was found between SES and smoking behaviours ( p < 0.0001) and was found to be a better predictor of smoking behaviours than genetic susceptibility. Our study findings suggest that the high prevalence of smoking behaviours and nicotine-dependence were not revealed to have a genetic susceptibility among HR individuals; therefore, the highest efforts should be focused on targeting SES-related factors in the Roma population. Strengths of the study: This is the first study carried out to investigate and detect the most relevant factors and the possible genetic background of the extremely high prevalence of smoking based in the Roma population. Limitations of the study: No standard instrument has been used to assess the intensity of addiction to nicotine. Because of some participants’ unwillingness to define themselves as Roma, the overall HR population was not represented by the sample of this study.

Suggested Citation

  • Mohammed Merzah & Zsigmond Kósa & János Sándor & Shewaye Natae & Péter Pikó & Róza Ádány & Szilvia Fiatal, 2021. "Roma Socioeconomic Status Has a Higher Impact on Smoking Behaviour than Genetic Susceptibility," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(6), pages 1-12, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:6:p:3206-:d:520655
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    References listed on IDEAS

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