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Thermal Discomfort Levels, Building Design Concepts, and Some Heat Mitigation Strategies in Low-Income Communities of a South Asian City

Author

Listed:
  • Sana Ehsan

    (Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan)

  • Farhat Abbas

    (Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
    School of Climate Change and Adaptation, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada)

  • Muhammad Ibrahim

    (Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan)

  • Bashir Ahmad

    (Climate Energy and Water Research Institute, Pakistan Agricultural Research Council, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan)

  • Aitazaz A. Farooque

    (School of Climate Change and Adaptation, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
    Faculty of Sustainable Design Engineering, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada)

Abstract

Heat stress provokes thermal discomfort to people living in semiarid and arid climates. This study evaluates thermal discomfort levels, building design concepts, and some heat mitigation strategies in low-income neighborhoods of Faisalabad, Pakistan. The outdoor and indoor weather data are collected from April to August 2016 using a weather station installed ad hoc in urban settings, and the 52 houses of the five low-income participating communities living in congested and less environment-friendly areas of Faisalabad. The discomfort index values, related to the building design concepts, including (i) house orientation to sunlight and (ii) house ventilation, are calculated from outdoor and indoor dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperatures. Our results show that although June was the hottest month of summer 2016, based on the monthly mean temperature of the Faisalabad region, the month of May produced the highest discomfort levels, which were higher in houses exposed to sunlight and without ventilation. The study also identifies some popular heat mitigation strategies adopted by the five participating low-income communities during various heat-related health complaints. The strategies are gender-biased and have medical, cultural/customary backgrounds. For example, about 52% of the males and 28% of the females drank more water during dehydration, diarrhea, and eye infection. Over 11% and 19% of the males and females, respectively, moved to cooler places during fever. About 43% of the males and 51% of the females took water showers and rested to combat flu (runny nose), headache, and nosebleed. The people did not know how to cure muscular fatigue, skin allergy (from a type of Milia), and mild temperature. Planting trees in an area and developing open parks with greenery and thick canopy trees can be beneficial for neighborhoods resembling those evaluated in this study.

Suggested Citation

  • Sana Ehsan & Farhat Abbas & Muhammad Ibrahim & Bashir Ahmad & Aitazaz A. Farooque, 2021. "Thermal Discomfort Levels, Building Design Concepts, and Some Heat Mitigation Strategies in Low-Income Communities of a South Asian City," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(5), pages 1-18, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:5:p:2535-:d:510214
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Boris Kingma & Wouter van Marken Lichtenbelt, 2015. "Energy consumption in buildings and female thermal demand," Nature Climate Change, Nature, vol. 5(12), pages 1054-1056, December.
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