IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jijerp/v18y2021i23p12302-d685864.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

The Prevalence and Correlates of Probable Major Depressive Disorder and Probable Generalized Anxiety Disorder during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Results of a Nationally Representative Survey in Germany

Author

Listed:
  • André Hajek

    (Hamburg Center for Health Economics, Department of Health Economics and Health Services Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany)

  • Hans-Helmut König

    (Hamburg Center for Health Economics, Department of Health Economics and Health Services Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany)

Abstract

The aim was to clarify the prevalence and correlates of probable major depressive disorder and probable generalized anxiety disorder in the general adult population during the COVID-19 pandemic. Data were derived from a nationally representative survey (August and September 2021). In total, n = 3075 individuals took part. To quantify probable generalized anxiety disorder, the established Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7; cutoff of 10) was used. Moreover, the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9; cutoff of 10) was used to quantify probable major depressive disorder. The prevalence of probable major depressive disorder was 20.0% and the prevalence of probable generalized anxiety disorder was 13.4%. Particularly high prevalence rates were observed for younger individuals, individuals with migration background and individuals with at least one chronic disease. The likelihood of probable major depressive disorder was positively associated with younger age, being unmarried, having a migration background, smoking, daily alcohol intake, the presence of chronic diseases and lower self-rated health. Similarly, the likelihood of probable generalized anxiety disorder was positively associated with younger age, being unmarried, smoking, the presence of chronic diseases and lower self-rated health. In conclusion, the magnitude of probable major depressive disorder and probable generalized anxiety disorder in Germany in late summer of 2021 was highlighted. Identifying the correlates of them may help to tackle individuals at higher risk.

Suggested Citation

  • André Hajek & Hans-Helmut König, 2021. "The Prevalence and Correlates of Probable Major Depressive Disorder and Probable Generalized Anxiety Disorder during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Results of a Nationally Representative Survey in Germany," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(23), pages 1-9, November.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:23:p:12302-:d:685864
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/23/12302/pdf
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/23/12302/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Eerika Finell & Marja Tiilikainen & Inga Jasinskaja-Lahti & Nasteho Hasan & Fairuz Muthana, 2021. "Lived Experience Related to the COVID-19 Pandemic among Arabic-, Russian- and Somali-Speaking Migrants in Finland," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(5), pages 1-18, March.
    2. André Hajek & Hans-Helmut König, 2020. "Prevalence and Correlates of Individuals Screening Positive for Depression and Anxiety on the PHQ-4 in the German General Population: Findings from the Nationally Representative German Socio-Economic ," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(21), pages 1-11, October.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Matthias Seitz & Ulrich Frick & Miles Tallon & Karina Gotthardt & Katrin Rakoczy, 2024. "Career decisions in artistic professions during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany—an experimental study," Palgrave Communications, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 11(1), pages 1-13, December.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Roxana Schwab & Kathrin Stewen & Laura Ost & Tanja Kottmann & Susanne Theis & Tania Elger & Mona Wanda Schmidt & Katharina Anic & Stefanie Roxana Kalb & Walburgis Brenner & Annette Hasenburg, 2022. "Predictors of Psychological Distress in Women with Endometriosis during the COVID-19 Pandemic," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(8), pages 1-18, April.
    2. Sergio Álvarez-Pardo & José Antonio de Paz & Ena Montserrat Romero-Pérez & José Manuel Tánori-Tapia & Pablo Alejandro Rendón-Delcid & Jerónimo J. González-Bernal & Jessica Fernández-Solana & Lucía Sim, 2023. "Related Factors with Depression and Anxiety in Mastectomized Women Breast Cancer Survivors," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(4), pages 1-11, February.
    3. Marco Marotta & Francesca Gorini & Alessandra Parlanti & Kyriazoula Chatzianagnostou & Annamaria Mazzone & Sergio Berti & Cristina Vassalle, 2021. "Fear of COVID-19 in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(18), pages 1-11, September.
    4. Seila Mahic & Line Nortvedt & Lise-Merete Alpers, 2023. "Immigrants’ Experiences and Perceptions of COVID-19 Information in Norway," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(14), pages 1-14, July.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:23:p:12302-:d:685864. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.