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Narrative Review of Primary Preventive Interventions against Water-Borne Diseases: Scientific Evidence of Health-EDRM in Contexts with Inadequate Safe Drinking Water

Author

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  • Emily Ying Yang Chan

    (Collaborating Centre for Oxford University and CUHK for Disaster and Medical Humanitarian Response, Hong Kong, China
    Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
    JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
    GX Foundation, Hong Kong, China)

  • Kimberley Hor Yee Tong

    (JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
    GX Foundation, Hong Kong, China)

  • Caroline Dubois

    (JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
    GX Foundation, Hong Kong, China)

  • Kiara Mc Donnell

    (GX Foundation, Hong Kong, China)

  • Jean H. Kim

    (JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China)

  • Kevin Kei Ching Hung

    (Collaborating Centre for Oxford University and CUHK for Disaster and Medical Humanitarian Response, Hong Kong, China
    JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
    Accident & Emergency Medicine Academic Unit, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China)

  • Kin On Kwok

    (JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
    Stanley Ho Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
    Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
    Hong Kong Institute of Asia-Pacific Studies, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China)

Abstract

Waterborne diseases account for 1.5 million deaths a year globally, particularly affecting children in low-income households in subtropical areas. It is one of the most enduring and economically devastating biological hazards in our society today. The World Health Organization Health Emergency and Disaster Risk Management (health-EDRM) Framework highlights the importance of primary prevention against biological hazards across all levels of society. The framework encourages multi-sectoral coordination and lessons sharing for community risk resilience. A narrative review, conducted in March 2021, identified 88 English-language articles published between January 2000 and March 2021 examining water, sanitation, and hygiene primary prevention interventions against waterborne diseases in resource-poor settings. The literature identified eight main interventions implemented at personal, household and community levels. The strength of evidence, the enabling factors, barriers, co-benefits, and alternative measures were reviewed for each intervention. There is an array of evidence available across each intervention, with strong evidence supporting the effectiveness of water treatment and safe household water storage. Studies show that at personal and household levels, interventions are effective when applied together. Furthermore, water and waste management will have a compounding impact on vector-borne diseases. Mitigation against waterborne diseases require coordinated, multi-sectoral governance, such as building sanitation infrastructure and streamlined waste management. The review showed research gaps relating to evidence-based alternative interventions for resource-poor settings and showed discrepancies in definitions of various interventions amongst research institutions, creating challenges in the direct comparison of results across studies.

Suggested Citation

  • Emily Ying Yang Chan & Kimberley Hor Yee Tong & Caroline Dubois & Kiara Mc Donnell & Jean H. Kim & Kevin Kei Ching Hung & Kin On Kwok, 2021. "Narrative Review of Primary Preventive Interventions against Water-Borne Diseases: Scientific Evidence of Health-EDRM in Contexts with Inadequate Safe Drinking Water," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(23), pages 1-20, November.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:23:p:12268-:d:685393
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Emily Ying Yang Chan & Tiffany Sze Tung Sham & Tayyab Salim Shahzada & Caroline Dubois & Zhe Huang & Sida Liu & Kevin K.C. Hung & Shelly L.A. Tse & Kin On Kwok & Pui-Hong Chung & Ryoma Kayano & Rajib , 2020. "Narrative Review on Health-EDRM Primary Prevention Measures for Vector-Borne Diseases," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(16), pages 1-28, August.
    2. Joseph Kihika Kamara & Moses Galukande & Florence Maeda & Sam Luboga & Andre M. N. Renzaho, 2017. "Understanding the Challenges of Improving Sanitation and Hygiene Outcomes in a Community Based Intervention: A Cross-Sectional Study in Rural Tanzania," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(6), pages 1-16, June.
    3. Balwani Chingatichifwe Mbakaya & Paul H. Lee & Regina L. T. Lee, 2017. "Hand Hygiene Intervention Strategies to Reduce Diarrhoea and Respiratory Infections among Schoolchildren in Developing Countries: A Systematic Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(4), pages 1-14, April.
    4. Seungman Cha & Douk Kang & Benedict Tuffuor & Gyuhong Lee & Jungmyung Cho & Jihye Chung & Myongjin Kim & Hoonsang Lee & Jaeeun Lee & Chunghyeon Oh, 2015. "The Effect of Improved Water Supply on Diarrhea Prevalence of Children under Five in the Volta Region of Ghana: A Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 12(10), pages 1-17, September.
    5. Resoketswe Charlotte Moropeng & Phumudzo Budeli & Lizzy Mpenyana-Monyatsi & Maggy Ndombo Benteke Momba, 2018. "Dramatic Reduction in Diarrhoeal Diseases through Implementation of Cost-Effective Household Drinking Water Treatment Systems in Makwane Village, Limpopo Province, South Africa," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(3), pages 1-17, February.
    6. De Ver Dye, T. & Apondi, R. & Lugada, E. & Kahn, J.G. & Sandiford-Day, M.A. & DasBanerjee, T., 2011. "A qualitative assessment of beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors related to diarrhea and water filtration in rural kenya," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 101(8), pages 1515-1520.
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