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Stress Impact of COVID-19 Sports Restrictions on Disabled Athletes

Author

Listed:
  • Giovanni Fiorilli

    (Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, v. De Sanctis 1, 86100 Campobasso, Italy)

  • Andrea Buonsenso

    (Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, v. De Sanctis 1, 86100 Campobasso, Italy)

  • Nicola Davola

    (Department of Economics and Management, LUISS Guido Carli, Viale Romania 32, 00197 Rome, Italy)

  • Giulia Di Martino

    (Department of Motor, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Lauro de Bosis Square, 15, 00197 Rome, Italy)

  • Francesca Baralla

    (Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, v. De Sanctis 1, 86100 Campobasso, Italy)

  • Stefanos Boutious

    (Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece)

  • Marco Centorbi

    (Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, v. De Sanctis 1, 86100 Campobasso, Italy)

  • Giuseppe Calcagno

    (Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, v. De Sanctis 1, 86100 Campobasso, Italy)

  • Alessandra di Cagno

    (Department of Motor, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Lauro de Bosis Square, 15, 00197 Rome, Italy)

Abstract

The stress impact of COVID-19 restrictions has put the adapted sports community at an unprecedented level of emergency. The self-report Event Scale—Revised (IES-R) questionnaire was administered to assess the level of psychological distress and emotive reactions such as intrusion (INT), avoidance (AV) and hyperarousal (HYP) following training and competitions suspension within a sample of Italian disabled athletes. A total of 146 self-selected volunteers were included in this study: 73 disabled athletes (aged 42.11 ± 13.70) and 73 athletes (aged 40.23 ± 13.73) who served as the control group. Only 8.22% of the disabled participants vs. 30.14% of athletes were affected by subjective distress. MANOVA showed significant differences in IES-R subjective distress for age, where the emerging adults had a higher level of stress than adults ( p = 0.031), and for the type of sport, where the individual sports group showed higher scores than the team sports group ( p = 0.049). Regarding the IES-R subscales, significant differences were found in INT and AV for age, where the emerging adults showed higher scores than adults ( p = 0.018 and p = 0.046, respectively). Significant differences were found in HYP for type of sport, where the individual sports group showed higher scores than the team sports group ( p = 0.014). The results confirmed a lower distress level of disabled athletes to adverse events than that expressed by athletes. Both sports engagement and the experience of living with impairment, overcoming structural barriers, could act as a buffer effect against stress due to COVID-19 restrictions.

Suggested Citation

  • Giovanni Fiorilli & Andrea Buonsenso & Nicola Davola & Giulia Di Martino & Francesca Baralla & Stefanos Boutious & Marco Centorbi & Giuseppe Calcagno & Alessandra di Cagno, 2021. "Stress Impact of COVID-19 Sports Restrictions on Disabled Athletes," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(22), pages 1-11, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:22:p:12040-:d:680579
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Cuiyan Wang & Riyu Pan & Xiaoyang Wan & Yilin Tan & Linkang Xu & Cyrus S. Ho & Roger C. Ho, 2020. "Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors during the Initial Stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Epidemic among the General Population in China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(5), pages 1-25, March.
    2. Alessandra di Cagno & Andrea Buonsenso & Francesca Baralla & Elisa Grazioli & Giulia Di Martino & Edoardo Lecce & Giuseppe Calcagno & Giovanni Fiorilli, 2020. "Psychological Impact of the Quarantine-Induced Stress during the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Outbreak among Italian Athletes," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(23), pages 1-13, November.
    3. Sijia Li & Yilin Wang & Jia Xue & Nan Zhao & Tingshao Zhu, 2020. "The Impact of COVID-19 Epidemic Declaration on Psychological Consequences: A Study on Active Weibo Users," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(6), pages 1-9, March.
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    Cited by:

    1. Giulia Di Martino & Marco Centorbi & Andrea Buonsenso & Giovanni Fiorilli & Carlo della Valle & Giuseppe Calcagno & Enzo Iuliano & Alessandra di Cagno, 2024. "Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder 4 Years after the COVID-19 Pandemic in Adolescents with Different Levels of Physical Activity Engagement: A Repeated Cross-Sectional Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 21(8), pages 1-9, July.
    2. Giacomo Farì & Pietro Fiore & Vincenzo Ricci & Alessandra Zonno & Marko Joksimovic & Domenico Petruzzella & Giulia Gioia & Denise Giarrizzo & Savino Mastrorillo & Brunella Coretti & Francesco Paolo Bi, 2023. "The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Outdoor Physical Activities for People with Disabilities, including the Risks for Psychophysical Well-Being," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(2), pages 1-11, January.

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