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Transmission Dynamics of Schistosoma haematobium among School-Aged Children: A Cohort Study on Prevalence, Reinfection and Incidence after Mass Drug Administration in the White Nile State of Sudan

Author

Listed:
  • Yan Jin

    (Department of Microbiology, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju 38067, Korea)

  • Young-Ha Lee

    (Department of Infection Biology and Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea)

  • Seungman Cha

    (Department of Global Development and Entrepreneurship, Graduate School of Global Development and Entrepreneurship, Handong Global University, Pohang 37554, Korea
    Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK)

  • In-Uk Choi

    (Department of Infection Biology and Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea)

  • Hassan Ahmed Hassan Ahmed Ismail

    (Communicable and Non-Communicable Diseases Control Directorate, Federal Ministry of Health, P.O. Box 303, Khartoum 1111, Sudan)

  • Mousab Siddig Elhag

    (Communicable and Non-Communicable Diseases Control Directorate, Federal Ministry of Health, P.O. Box 303, Khartoum 1111, Sudan)

  • Sung-Tae Hong

    (Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea)

Abstract

The reinfection rate of schistosomiasis after mass drug administration (MDA) has not been documented in Sudan. We aimed to explore the transmission dynamics of urogenital schistosomiasis after MDA, targeting school-aged children in the White Nile State of Sudan, assessing the prevalence, reinfection rate, and incidence. A single dose of praziquantel (40 mg/kg) was administered to 1951 students in five primary schools from January to February 2018 immediately after a baseline survey, and follow-up surveys were performed at 2 weeks and 6 months after treatment. We examined Schistosoma haematobium eggs by centrifugation methods. The overall reinfection rate at 6 months after treatment was 9.8% (95% confidence interval: 0.5–17.4%). By school, the reinfection rate was highest in the Al Hidaib school, whose prevalence was highest at baseline. The reinfection rate was significantly higher in high-infection areas than low-infection areas ( p = 0.02). Of the prevalence at 6 months in high-infection areas, 41% of cases were due to reinfection. MDA interventions are decided upon and undertaken at the district level. A more targeted treatment strategy should be developed with a particular focus on tracking high-risk groups, even within a school or a community.

Suggested Citation

  • Yan Jin & Young-Ha Lee & Seungman Cha & In-Uk Choi & Hassan Ahmed Hassan Ahmed Ismail & Mousab Siddig Elhag & Sung-Tae Hong, 2021. "Transmission Dynamics of Schistosoma haematobium among School-Aged Children: A Cohort Study on Prevalence, Reinfection and Incidence after Mass Drug Administration in the White Nile State of Sudan," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(21), pages 1-14, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:21:p:11537-:d:670962
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Amara E Ezeamama & Amaya L Bustinduy & Allan K Nkwata & Leonardo Martinez & Noel Pabalan & Michael J Boivin & Charles H King, 2018. "Cognitive deficits and educational loss in children with schistosome infection—A systematic review and meta-analysis," PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, Public Library of Science, vol. 12(1), pages 1-23, January.
    2. Abdallah Zacharia & Vivian Mushi & Twilumba Makene, 2020. "A systematic review and meta-analysis on the rate of human schistosomiasis reinfection," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 15(12), pages 1-17, December.
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