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Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS): A Cytoarchitectural Common Neurobiological Trait of All Addictions

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  • Kenneth Blum

    (Division of Addiction Research & Education, Center for Psychiatry, Medicine, & Primary Care (Office of the Provost), Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
    Institute of Psychology, Eotvos Loránd University, 1053 Budapest, Hungary
    Division of Nutrigenomics, Synaptamine Inc., Austin, TX 78701, USA
    Department of Psychiatry, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine and Dayton VA Medical Center, Dayton, OH 45435, USA)

  • Abdalla Bowirrat

    (Department of Molecular Biology, Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel)

  • Eric R. Braverman

    (Division of Nutrigenomics, The Kenneth Blum Behavioral & Neurogenetic Institute (Division of Ivitalize Inc.), Austin, TX 78701, USA)

  • David Baron

    (Division of Addiction Research & Education, Center for Psychiatry, Medicine, & Primary Care (Office of the Provost), Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA)

  • Jean Lud Cadet

    (Molecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch, NIH National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA)

  • Shan Kazmi

    (Division of Addiction Research & Education, Center for Psychiatry, Medicine, & Primary Care (Office of the Provost), Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA)

  • Igor Elman

    (Department of Psychiatry, Harvard School of Medicine, Cambridge, MA 02115, USA)

  • Panyotis K. Thanos

    (Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA)

  • Rajendra D. Badgaiyan

    (Department of Psychiatry, South Texas Veteran Health Care System, Audie L. Murphy Memorial VA Hospital, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
    Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA)

  • William B. Downs

    (Division of Nutrigenomics, The Kenneth Blum Behavioral & Neurogenetic Institute (Division of Ivitalize Inc.), Austin, TX 78701, USA)

  • Debasis Bagchi

    (Division of Nutrigenomics, The Kenneth Blum Behavioral & Neurogenetic Institute (Division of Ivitalize Inc.), Austin, TX 78701, USA
    Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Southern University, Houston, TX 77004, USA)

  • Luis Llanos-Gomez

    (Division of Nutrigenomics, The Kenneth Blum Behavioral & Neurogenetic Institute (Division of Ivitalize Inc.), Austin, TX 78701, USA)

  • Mark S. Gold

    (Department of Psychiatry, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
    Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA)

Abstract

Alcohol and other substance use disorders share comorbidity with other RDS disorders, i.e., a reduction in dopamine signaling within the reward pathway. RDS is a term that connects addictive, obsessive, compulsive, and impulsive behavioral disorders. An estimated 2 million individuals in the United States have opioid use disorder related to prescription opioids. It is estimated that the overall cost of the illegal and legally prescribed opioid crisis exceeds one trillion dollars. Opioid Replacement Therapy is the most common treatment for addictions and other RDS disorders. Even after repeated relapses, patients are repeatedly prescribed the same opioid replacement treatments. A recent JAMA report indicates that non-opioid treatments fare better than chronic opioid treatments. Research demonstrates that over 50 percent of all suicides are related to alcohol or other drug use. In addition to effective fellowship programs and spirituality acceptance, nutrigenomic therapies (e.g., KB220Z) optimize gene expression, rebalance neurotransmitters, and restore neurotransmitter functional connectivity. KB220Z was shown to increase functional connectivity across specific brain regions involved in dopaminergic function. KB220/Z significantly reduces RDS behavioral disorders and relapse in human DUI offenders. Taking a Genetic Addiction Risk Severity (GARS) test combined with a the KB220Z semi-customized nutrigenomic supplement effectively restores dopamine homeostasis (WC 199).

Suggested Citation

  • Kenneth Blum & Abdalla Bowirrat & Eric R. Braverman & David Baron & Jean Lud Cadet & Shan Kazmi & Igor Elman & Panyotis K. Thanos & Rajendra D. Badgaiyan & William B. Downs & Debasis Bagchi & Luis Lla, 2021. "Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS): A Cytoarchitectural Common Neurobiological Trait of All Addictions," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(21), pages 1-31, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:21:p:11529-:d:670810
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. John L. J. Machin, 1983. "Management Control Systems: Whence and Whither?," Palgrave Macmillan Books, in: Tony Lowe & John L. J. Machin (ed.), New Perspectives in Management Control, chapter 2, pages 22-42, Palgrave Macmillan.
    2. Kenneth Blum & Amanda L. C. Chen & Marlene Oscar-Berman & Thomas J. H. Chen & Joel Lubar & Nancy White & Judith Lubar & Abdalla Bowirrat & Eric Braverman & John Schoolfield & Roger L. Waite & Bernard , 2011. "Generational Association Studies of Dopaminergic Genes in Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS) Subjects: Selecting Appropriate Phenotypes for Reward Dependence Behaviors," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 8(12), pages 1-35, November.
    3. Kenneth Blum & Edward J Modestino & Bruce Steinberg & Jennifer Neary & David Siwicki & Mark Moran & Eric R Braverman & Marjorie C Gondré-Lewis & David Baron & Thomas Mc Laughlin & Rajendra D Badgaiya, 2018. "Promoting Precision Addiction Management (PAM) to Combat the Global Opioid Crisis," Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research, Biomedical Research Network+, LLC, vol. 2(2), pages 2540-2543, February.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

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