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Socioeconomic Inequalities in Metabolic Syndrome by Age and Gender in a Spanish Working Population

Author

Listed:
  • Manuela Abbate

    (Research Group on Global Health, University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, Spain
    These authors equally contributed.)

  • Jordi Pericas

    (Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07120 Palma, Spain
    Nursing and Physiotherapy Department, University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, Spain
    These authors equally contributed.)

  • Aina M. Yañez

    (Research Group on Global Health, University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, Spain
    Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07120 Palma, Spain
    Nursing and Physiotherapy Department, University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, Spain)

  • Angel A. López-González

    (School of Odontology ADEMA, University of the Balearic Islands, 07009 Palma, Spain
    Prevention of Occupational Risks in Health Services, Balearic Islands Health Service, 07003 Palma, Spain)

  • Joan De Pedro-Gómez

    (Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07120 Palma, Spain
    Nursing and Physiotherapy Department, University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, Spain)

  • Antoni Aguilo

    (Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07120 Palma, Spain
    Nursing and Physiotherapy Department, University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, Spain)

  • José M. Morales-Asencio

    (Department of Nursing, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
    Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), 29010 Málaga, Spain)

  • Miquel Bennasar-Veny

    (Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07120 Palma, Spain
    Nursing and Physiotherapy Department, University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, Spain
    CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain)

Abstract

Lower socio-economic status (SES) is significantly associated with metabolic syndrome (MS) prevalence, possibly affecting women more than men, although evidence in Spain is still limited. The present cross-sectional study analyzed the association between MS and SES by age and gender among 42,146 working adults living in the Balearic Islands (Spain). Prevalence was higher in men (9.4% by ATP-III; 12.3% by IDF) than women (3.8% by ATP-III; 5.7% by IDF) and in the lower social class (7.9% by ATP-III; 10.7% by IDF) than the higher (4.1% by ATP-III; 5.9% by IDF). The SES gradient in MS prevalence was larger in women (PR 95% CI: 3.38, 2.50–4.58 by ATP-III; 3.06, 2.43–3.86 by IDF) than in men (1.23, 1.06–1.41 by ATP-III; 1.15, 1.03–1.30 by IDF) and was already evident from early adulthood, reaching the highest ratio at the late stages of middle adulthood (4.34, 1.11–16.98). Among men, it was significant during the late stages of early adulthood only (1.80, 1.19–2.73). Lower SES influenced MS prevalence in both genders, however, women seemed more affected than men. From a public health perspective, SES could be strongly associated with the burden of MS; in an effort to reduce its prevalence, public health policies should focus on gender differences in socio-economic inequality and consider women with low socio-economic resources as a priority.

Suggested Citation

  • Manuela Abbate & Jordi Pericas & Aina M. Yañez & Angel A. López-González & Joan De Pedro-Gómez & Antoni Aguilo & José M. Morales-Asencio & Miquel Bennasar-Veny, 2021. "Socioeconomic Inequalities in Metabolic Syndrome by Age and Gender in a Spanish Working Population," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(19), pages 1-16, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:19:p:10333-:d:647581
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Langenberg, C. & Kuh, D. & Wadsworth, M.E.J. & Brunner, E. & Hardy, R., 2006. "Social circumstances and education: Life course origins of social inequalities in metabolic risk in a prospective national birth cohort," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 96(12), pages 2216-2221.
    2. Yang Claire Yang & Kristen Schorpp & Courtney Boen & Moira Johnson & Kathleen Mullan Harris & Deborah Carr, 2020. "Socioeconomic Status and Biological Risks for Health and Illness Across the Life Course," The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, The Gerontological Society of America, vol. 75(3), pages 613-624.
    3. Jennifer Karas Montez & Joyce T. Bromberger & Siobán D. Harlow & Howard M. Kravitz & Karen A. Matthews, 2016. "Editor's choice Life-Course Socioeconomic Status and Metabolic Syndrome Among Midlife Women," The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, The Gerontological Society of America, vol. 71(6), pages 1097-1107.
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    Cited by:

    1. Chen Lu & Xiaodi Yi & Xiaocui Ren, 2022. "Social Group Differences in the Exposure Risk of COVID-19: A Case Study in Beijing, China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(3), pages 1-19, January.

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