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Predictors of Depressive Symptoms in Caregivers of Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A One-Year Follow-Up Study

Author

Listed:
  • Wen-Jiun Chou

    (Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical Center, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
    College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan)

  • Ray C. Hsiao

    (Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
    Department of Psychiatry, Children’s Hospital and Regional Medical Center, Seattle, WA 98105, USA)

  • Chih-Cheng Chang

    (Department of Psychiatry, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan 70246, Taiwan
    Department of Health Psychology, College of Health Sciences, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan 71101, Taiwan)

  • Cheng-Fang Yen

    (Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
    Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
    College of Professional Studies, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan)

Abstract

This 1-year follow-up study examined the predictive values of the demographics, depressive symptoms, stress-coping orientations, and perceived family support of caregivers as well as the internalizing, externalizing and ADHD symptoms of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) at baseline on the depressive symptoms of the caregivers after 1 year. A total of four hundred caregivers of children with ADHD were recruited. The baseline levels of the caregivers’ depressive symptoms, stress-coping orientations, and perceived family support and the internalizing and externalizing problems of the children were assessed using the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, the Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced, Family Adaptation, Partnership, Growth, Affection, Resolve Index, and the Child Behavior Checklist For Ages 6–18, respectively. Their predictions for the caregiver’s depressive symptoms 1 year after the baseline were examined using linear regression analysis. In total, 382 caregivers of children with ADHD underwent the follow-up assessment 1 year from the baseline. A marital status of being separated or divorced, less effective coping and depressive symptoms orientation, and children with internalizing problems and ADHD symptoms at baseline were positively associated with the caregivers’ depressive symptoms at follow-up, whereas the caregivers’ perceived family support and an emotion-focused coping orientation at baseline were negatively associated with depressive symptoms at follow-up. Multiple characteristics of the caregivers and children with ADHD at baseline predicted the caregivers’ depressive symptoms 1 year later.

Suggested Citation

  • Wen-Jiun Chou & Ray C. Hsiao & Chih-Cheng Chang & Cheng-Fang Yen, 2021. "Predictors of Depressive Symptoms in Caregivers of Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A One-Year Follow-Up Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(16), pages 1-13, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:16:p:8835-:d:619246
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Chih-Cheng Chang & Yu-Min Chen & Ray C. Hsiao & Wen-Jiun Chou & Cheng-Fang Yen, 2021. "Did Affiliate Stigma Predict Affective and Behavioral Outcomes in Caregivers and Their Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder?," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(14), pages 1-10, July.
    2. Wei-Po Chou & Cheng-Fang Yen & Tai-Ling Liu, 2018. "Predicting Effects of Psychological Inflexibility/Experiential Avoidance and Stress Coping Strategies for Internet Addiction, Significant Depression, and Suicidality in College Students: A Prospective," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-11, April.
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    Cited by:

    1. Jia-In Lee & Ray C. Hsiao & Ching-Shu Tsai & Cheng-Fang Yen, 2022. "Caregivers’ Difficulty in Managing Smartphone Use of Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Relationships with Caregiver and Children Factors," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(9), pages 1-11, April.

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