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Changes in Depressive Symptoms, Stress and Social Support in Mexican Women during the COVID-19 Pandemic

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  • Nadya Y. Rivera Rivera

    (Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA)

  • Laura McGuinn

    (Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA)

  • Erika Osorio-Valencia

    (National Institute of Perinatology, Mexico City 11000, Mexico)

  • Sandra Martinez-Medina

    (National Institute of Perinatology, Mexico City 11000, Mexico)

  • Lourdes Schnaas

    (National Institute of Perinatology, Mexico City 11000, Mexico)

  • Rosalind J. Wright

    (Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
    Department of Pediatrics, Kravis Children’s Hospital, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA)

  • Martha Maria Téllez-Rojo

    (Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca 62100, Mexico)

  • Robert O. Wright

    (Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
    Department of Pediatrics, Kravis Children’s Hospital, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA)

  • Marcela Tamayo-Ortiz

    (Occupational Health Research Unit, Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS), Mexico City 06600, Mexico)

  • Maria José Rosa

    (Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA)

Abstract

The aim of this study was to examine changes in depression, stress and social support levels before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in women living in Mexico City. We studied 466 women enrolled in the Programming Research in Obesity, Growth, Environment and Social Stressors (PROGRESS) study who completed the Edinburgh Depression Scale (EDS) questionnaire prior (2018–2019) and during the lockdown period of the pandemic (May–November 2020). Psychosocial stress and social support for both time periods were ascertained using the Crisis in Family Systems (CRISYS) questionnaire and the Social Support Network (SSN) Scale, respectively. Associations between stress, social support and change in EDS score/depression were analyzed using generalized linear models adjusting for covariates. Higher stress (>median) during the pandemic was associated with an increase in EDS score (β: 2.13; 95% CI (1.06, 3.19), p < 0.001), and higher odds of depression (OR: 3.75; 95% CI (2.17, 6.50), p < 0.001), while social support was associated with lower odds of depression (OR: 0.56, 95% CI (0.32, 0.97), p = 0.037). Higher levels of stress during the pandemic were associated with depression. Social support may act as a buffer for the effects of psychosocial stress. Future studies should examine the long-term effects of stress associated with the pandemic on mental and overall health.

Suggested Citation

  • Nadya Y. Rivera Rivera & Laura McGuinn & Erika Osorio-Valencia & Sandra Martinez-Medina & Lourdes Schnaas & Rosalind J. Wright & Martha Maria Téllez-Rojo & Robert O. Wright & Marcela Tamayo-Ortiz & Ma, 2021. "Changes in Depressive Symptoms, Stress and Social Support in Mexican Women during the COVID-19 Pandemic," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(16), pages 1-11, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:16:p:8775-:d:617916
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Víctor Manuel Mendoza-Núñez & Fabiola González-Mantilla & Elsa Correa-Muñoz & Raquel Retana-Ugalde, 2017. "Relationship between Social Support Networks and Physical Functioning in Older Community-Dwelling Mexicans," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(9), pages 1-9, August.
    2. Guadalupe Terán-Pérez & Angelica Portillo-Vásquez & Yoaly Arana-Lechuga & Oscar Sánchez-Escandón & Roberto Mercadillo-Caballero & Rosa Obdulia González-Robles & Javier Velázquez-Moctezuma, 2021. "Sleep and Mental Health Disturbances Due to Social Isolation during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Mexico," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(6), pages 1-11, March.
    3. Silverio-Murillo, Adan & Hoehn-Velasco, Lauren & Balmori de la Miyar, Jose Roberto & Rodríguez, Abel, 2021. "COVID-19 and women’s health: Examining changes in mental health and fertility," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 199(C).
    4. Wade, Mark & Prime, Heather & Johnson, Dylan & May, Shealyn S. & Jenkins, Jennifer M. & Browne, Dillon T., 2021. "The disparate impact of COVID-19 on the mental health of female and male caregivers," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 275(C).
    5. Filiberto Toledano-Toledano & José Moral de la Rubia & René Reyes Frometa & Fabiola González Betanzos & Laura Villavicencio Guzmán & Marcela Salazar García, 2020. "The Social Support Networks Scale (SSNS) for Family Caregivers of Children with Cancer: A Psychometric Evaluation," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(21), pages 1-21, October.
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    Cited by:

    1. Gaia Sampogna & Maurizio Pompili & Andrea Fiorillo, 2021. "Mental Health in the Time of COVID-19 Pandemic: A Worldwide Perspective," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(1), pages 1-5, December.
    2. Ma. Asunción Lara & Laura Navarrete & Erica Medina & Pamela Patiño & Marcela Tiburcio, 2023. "Impact of Facebook on Social Support and Emotional Wellbeing in Perinatal Women during Three Waves of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Mexico: A Descriptive Qualitative Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(3), pages 1-17, January.

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