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Toxicological Comparison of Mancozeb and Zoxamide Fungicides at Environmentally Relevant Concentrations by an In Vitro Approach

Author

Listed:
  • Gabriele Lori

    (Gender-Specific Prevention and Health Unit, Center for Gender-Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
    Science Department, Università Degli Studi di Roma Tre, Viale Guglielmo Marconi 446, 00146 Rome, Italy)

  • Roberta Tassinari

    (Gender-Specific Prevention and Health Unit, Center for Gender-Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy)

  • Laura Narciso

    (Gender-Specific Prevention and Health Unit, Center for Gender-Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy)

  • Ion Udroiu

    (Science Department, Università Degli Studi di Roma Tre, Viale Guglielmo Marconi 446, 00146 Rome, Italy)

  • Antonella Sgura

    (Science Department, Università Degli Studi di Roma Tre, Viale Guglielmo Marconi 446, 00146 Rome, Italy)

  • Francesca Maranghi

    (Gender-Specific Prevention and Health Unit, Center for Gender-Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy)

  • Sabrina Tait

    (Gender-Specific Prevention and Health Unit, Center for Gender-Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy)

Abstract

Mancozeb (MZ) and zoxamide (ZOX) are fungicides commonly used in pest control programs to protect vineyards. Their toxic and genotoxic potential were investigated in vitro on HepG2 and A549 cell lines at environmentally relevant concentrations. Cytotoxicity, apoptosis, necrosis and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), comet assay and a micronucleus test with CREST immunofluorescence were used. The expression of a panel of genes involved in apoptosis/necrosis ( BAX/BCL2 ), oxidative stress ( NRF2 ), drug metabolism ( CYP1A1 ) and DNA repair ( ERCC1/OGG1 ) was evaluated by real-time PCR. Both fungicides were cytotoxic at the highest tested concentrations (295.7 and 463.4 µM, respectively); MZ induced necrosis, ZOX did not increase apoptosis but modulated BAX and BCL2 expression, suggesting a different mechanism. Both compounds did not increase ROS, but the induction of CYP1A1 and NRF2 expression supported a pro-oxidant mechanism. The comet assay evidenced MZ genotoxicity, whereas no DNA damage due to ZOX treatment was observed. Positive micronuclei were increased in both cell lines treated with MZ and ZOX, supporting their aneugenic potential. ERCC1 and OGG1 were differently modulated, indicating the efficient activation of the nucleotide excision repair system by both fungicides and the inhibition of the base excision repair system by MZ. Overall, MZ confirmed its toxicity and new ZOX-relevant effects were highlighted.

Suggested Citation

  • Gabriele Lori & Roberta Tassinari & Laura Narciso & Ion Udroiu & Antonella Sgura & Francesca Maranghi & Sabrina Tait, 2021. "Toxicological Comparison of Mancozeb and Zoxamide Fungicides at Environmentally Relevant Concentrations by an In Vitro Approach," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(16), pages 1-19, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:16:p:8591-:d:614378
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    Cited by:

    1. Sabrina Tait & Gabriele Lori & Roberta Tassinari & Cinzia La Rocca & Francesca Maranghi, 2022. "In Vitro Assessment and Toxicological Prioritization of Pesticide Mixtures at Concentrations Derived from Real Exposure in Occupational Scenarios," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(9), pages 1-23, April.

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