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A Health Risk Assessment of Lead and Other Metals in Pharmaceutical Herbal Products and Dietary Supplements Containing Ginkgo biloba in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area

Author

Listed:
  • Patricia Rojas

    (Laboratory of Neurotoxicology, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery “Manuel Velasco Suárez”, SS, Av. Insurgentes sur No. 3877, Mexico City 14269, Mexico)

  • Elizabeth Ruiz-Sánchez

    (Laboratory of Neurotoxicology, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery “Manuel Velasco Suárez”, SS, Av. Insurgentes sur No. 3877, Mexico City 14269, Mexico)

  • Camilo Ríos

    (Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery “Manuel Velasco Suárez”, SS, Av. Insurgentes sur No. 3877, Mexico City 14269, Mexico)

  • Ángel Ruiz-Chow

    (Neuropsychiatry Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery “Manuel Velasco Suárez”, SS, Av. Insurgentes sur No. 3877, Mexico City 14269, Mexico)

  • Aldo A. Reséndiz-Albor

    (Mucosal Immunity Laboratory, Research and Graduate Section, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Superior School of Medicine, Plan de San Luis Esq. Salvador Díaz Mirón s/n, C.P., Mexico City 11340, Mexico)

Abstract

The use of the medicinal plant Ginkgo biloba has increased worldwide. However, G. biloba is capable of assimilating both essential and toxic metals, and the ingestion of contaminated products can cause damage to health. The aim of this study was to investigate the safety of manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), arsenic (As), and cadmium (Cd) in 26 items containing Ginkgo biloba (pharmaceutical herbal products, dietary supplements, and traditional herbal remedies) purchased in the metropolitan area of Mexico City. Metal analysis was performed using a graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer. All of the products were contaminated with Pb, 54% of them with As, and 81% with Cd. The lowest values of Pb, As, and Cd were detected in pharmaceutical herbal products > dietary supplements > traditional herbal remedies. The daily intake dose (DID) of pharmaceutical herbal products was within the established limits for the five metals. Dietary supplements and traditional herbal remedies exceeded the DID limits for Pb. The hazard quotients estimation and non-carcinogenic cumulative hazard estimation index for Mn, As, and Cd indicated no human health risk. Our results suggest that products containing G. biloba for sale in Mexico are not a health risk.

Suggested Citation

  • Patricia Rojas & Elizabeth Ruiz-Sánchez & Camilo Ríos & Ángel Ruiz-Chow & Aldo A. Reséndiz-Albor, 2021. "A Health Risk Assessment of Lead and Other Metals in Pharmaceutical Herbal Products and Dietary Supplements Containing Ginkgo biloba in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(16), pages 1-19, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:16:p:8285-:d:608725
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Yee, Shen-Kuan & Chu, Swee-Seng & Xu, Yi-Min & Choo, Peck-Lin, 2005. "Regulatory control of Chinese Proprietary Medicines in Singapore," Health Policy, Elsevier, vol. 71(2), pages 133-149, February.
    2. Amit Kumar & Amit Kumar & Cabral-Pinto M.M.S. & Ashish K. Chaturvedi & Aftab A. Shabnam & Gangavarapu Subrahmanyam & Raju Mondal & Dipak Kumar Gupta & Sandeep K. Malyan & Smita S. Kumar & Shakeel A. K, 2020. "Lead Toxicity: Health Hazards, Influence on Food Chain, and Sustainable Remediation Approaches," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(7), pages 1-33, March.
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