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Premature Aging in Chronic Kidney Disease: The Outcome of Persistent Inflammation beyond the Bounds

Author

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  • Andrea Figuer

    (Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain/Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain)

  • Guillermo Bodega

    (Departamento de Biomedicina y Biotecnología, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain)

  • Patricia Tato

    (Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain)

  • Gemma Valera

    (Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain/Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain)

  • Nadia Serroukh

    (Departamento de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid/Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28040 Madrid, Spain)

  • Noemi Ceprian

    (Departamento de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid/Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28040 Madrid, Spain)

  • Patricia de Sequera

    (Sección de Nefrología, Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor, 28031 Madrid, Spain
    Departamento de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain)

  • Enrique Morales

    (Departamento de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
    Departamento de Nefrología del Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Instituto de investigación i+12, 28041 Madrid, Spain)

  • Julia Carracedo

    (Departamento de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid/Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28040 Madrid, Spain)

  • Rafael Ramírez

    (Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain/Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
    Co-senior authors.)

  • Matilde Alique

    (Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain/Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
    Co-senior authors.)

Abstract

Over the last hundred years, life expectancy in developed countries has increased because of healthier living habits and the treatment of chronic pathologies causing premature aging. Aging is an inexorable, time-dependent, multifactorial process characterized by a series of progressive and irreversible physiological changes associated with loss of functional, psychological, and social capabilities. Numerous factors, such as oxidative stress, inflammation, and cellular senescence, and an irreversible geriatric syndrome known as frailty, contribute to human body deterioration in aging. The speed of aging may differ between individuals depending on the presence or absence of multiple factors (genetic and/or environment) and the subsequent misbalance of homeostasis, together with the increase of frailty, which also plays a key role in developing chronic diseases. In addition, pathological circumstances have been reported to precipitate or accelerate the aging process. This review investigated the mechanisms involved in the developing pathologies, particularly chronic kidney disease, associated with aging.

Suggested Citation

  • Andrea Figuer & Guillermo Bodega & Patricia Tato & Gemma Valera & Nadia Serroukh & Noemi Ceprian & Patricia de Sequera & Enrique Morales & Julia Carracedo & Rafael Ramírez & Matilde Alique, 2021. "Premature Aging in Chronic Kidney Disease: The Outcome of Persistent Inflammation beyond the Bounds," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(15), pages 1-16, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:15:p:8044-:d:604403
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. James Vaupel & Kenneth Manton & Eric Stallard, 1979. "The impact of heterogeneity in individual frailty on the dynamics of mortality," Demography, Springer;Population Association of America (PAA), vol. 16(3), pages 439-454, August.
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