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A Systematic Review of the Current Measures of Theory of Mind in Adults with Schizophrenia

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  • Ya-Chin Yeh

    (Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701401, Taiwan
    Department of Occupational Therapy, Shu-Zen Junior College of Medicine and Management, Kaohsiung 821004, Taiwan)

  • Chung-Ying Lin

    (Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701401, Taiwan
    Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701401, Taiwan
    Department of Public Health, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701401, Taiwan)

  • Ping-Chia Li

    (Department of Occupational Therapy, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 824005, Taiwan)

  • Chi-Fa Hung

    (Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833401, Taiwan
    College of Humanities and Social Sciences, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912301, Taiwan)

  • Chun-Hua Cheng

    (Department of Occupational Therapy, Kaohsiung Municipal Kai-Syuan Psychiatric Hospital, Kaohsiung 802211, Taiwan)

  • Ming-Hui Kuo

    (Department of Occupational Therapy, Kaohsiung Municipal Kai-Syuan Psychiatric Hospital, Kaohsiung 802211, Taiwan)

  • Kuan-Lin Chen

    (Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701401, Taiwan
    Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701401, Taiwan
    Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701401, Taiwan)

Abstract

Adults with schizophrenia usually have impairments in theory of mind (ToM), which subsequently cause them problems in social interaction. Therefore, it is important for healthcare providers to assess their ToM using adequate measures. This systematic review evaluated current ToM measures (or ToM tasks) for adults with schizophrenia and summarized their specific characteristics, including the concept and construct, administration, and psychometric properties. From a review of 117 articles, 13 types of ToM tasks were identified, and the findings from these articles were qualitatively synthesized. The results showed that ToM tasks are diverse in their presentation modalities, answer modes, strategies of controlling cognitive confounders, and scoring. Most tasks employ cognitive and affective dimensions and target a specific, single ToM concept. The present systematic review found that psychometric evidence supporting the ToM tasks, such as internal consistency, test–retest reliability, unidimensionality, and convergent, criterion, and ecological validities, is insufficient. Based on the results, we propose several principles for selecting appropriate ToM tasks in practice, e.g., selecting a task with multiple ToM concepts, or an exclusive ToM construct containing the cognitive and affective dimensions. Moreover, future studies are needed to provide more psychometric evidence on each type of ToM task applied in people with schizophrenia.

Suggested Citation

  • Ya-Chin Yeh & Chung-Ying Lin & Ping-Chia Li & Chi-Fa Hung & Chun-Hua Cheng & Ming-Hui Kuo & Kuan-Lin Chen, 2021. "A Systematic Review of the Current Measures of Theory of Mind in Adults with Schizophrenia," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(13), pages 1-17, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:13:p:7172-:d:588441
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Jeffrey C. Valentine & Therese D. Pigott & Hannah R. Rothstein, 2010. "How Many Studies Do You Need?," Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, , vol. 35(2), pages 215-247, April.
    2. David Moher & Alessandro Liberati & Jennifer Tetzlaff & Douglas G Altman & The PRISMA Group, 2009. "Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement," PLOS Medicine, Public Library of Science, vol. 6(7), pages 1-6, July.
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