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Is There a Temporal Relationship between COVID-19 Infections among Prison Staff, Incarcerated Persons and the Larger Community in the United States?

Author

Listed:
  • Danielle Wallace

    (Center for Violence Prevention and Community Solutions, School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 411 N. Central Ave., Room 600, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA)

  • John M. Eason

    (Department of Sociology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Sewell Social Sciences, 1180 Observatory Dr., Madison, WI 53706, USA)

  • Jason Walker

    (Center for Violence Prevention and Community Solutions, School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 411 N. Central Ave., Room 600, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA)

  • Sherry Towers

    (Institute For Advanced Sustainability Studies, Berliner Str. 130, 14467 Potsdam, Germany)

  • Tony H. Grubesic

    (Geoinformatics & Policy Analytics Laboratory, School of Information, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA)

  • Jake R. Nelson

    (Geoinformatics & Policy Analytics Laboratory, School of Information, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA)

Abstract

Background: Our objective was to examine the temporal relationship between COVID-19 infections among prison staff, incarcerated individuals, and the general population in the county where the prison is located among federal prisons in the United States. Methods: We employed population-standardized regressions with fixed effects for prisons to predict the number of active cases of COVID-19 among incarcerated persons using data from the Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) for the months of March to December in 2020 for 63 prisons. Results: There is a significant relationship between the COVID-19 prevalence among staff, and through them, the larger community, and COVID-19 prevalence among incarcerated persons in the US federal prison system. When staff rates are low or at zero, COVID-19 incidence in the larger community continues to have an association with COVID-19 prevalence among incarcerated persons, suggesting possible pre-symptomatic and asymptomatic transmission by staff. Masking policies slightly reduced COVID-19 prevalence among incarcerated persons, though the association between infections among staff, the community, and incarcerated persons remained significant and strong. Conclusion: The relationship between COVID-19 infections among staff and incarcerated persons shows that staff is vital to infection control, and correctional administrators should also focus infection containment efforts on staff, in addition to incarcerated persons.

Suggested Citation

  • Danielle Wallace & John M. Eason & Jason Walker & Sherry Towers & Tony H. Grubesic & Jake R. Nelson, 2021. "Is There a Temporal Relationship between COVID-19 Infections among Prison Staff, Incarcerated Persons and the Larger Community in the United States?," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(13), pages 1-15, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:13:p:6873-:d:582922
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Phillips, Peter C B & Park, Joon Y, 1988. "On the Formulation of Wald Tests of Nonlinear Restrictions," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 56(5), pages 1065-1083, September.
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    Cited by:

    1. Emma Altobelli & Francesca Galassi & Marianna Mastrodomenico & Fausto Frabotta & Francesca Marzi & Anna Maria Angelone & Ciro Marziliano, 2023. "SARS-CoV2 Infection and Comorbidity in Inmates: A Study of Central Italy," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(4), pages 1-8, February.

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