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Sensitivity Analysis of Emission Models of Parcel Lockers vs. Home Delivery Based on HBEFA

Author

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  • Maren Schnieder

    (The Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK)

  • Chris Hinde

    (The Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK)

  • Andrew West

    (The Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK)

Abstract

Global concerns about the environmental effects (e.g., pollution, land use, noise) of last-mile deliveries are increasing. Parcel lockers are seen as an option to reduce these external effects of last-mile deliveries. The contributions of this paper are threefold: firstly, the research studies simulating the emissions caused by parcel delivery to lockers are summarized. Secondly, a demand model for parcel deliveries in New York City (NYC) is created for 365 days and delivery trips to lockers and homes are optimized for 20 “real-world” scenarios. Thirdly, using the emission factors included in the HandBook Emission Factors for Road Transport (HBEFA) database, the maximum percentage of customers who could pick up a parcel by car from parcel lockers that would result in fewer total emissions (driving customers + walking customers) than if home deliveries were adopted is calculated for various pollutants and scenario assumptions (i.e., street types, temperature, parking duration, level of service and vehicle drivetrain). This paper highlights how small changes in the calibration can significantly change the results and therefore using average values for emission factors or only considering one pollutant like most studies may not be appropriate.

Suggested Citation

  • Maren Schnieder & Chris Hinde & Andrew West, 2021. "Sensitivity Analysis of Emission Models of Parcel Lockers vs. Home Delivery Based on HBEFA," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(12), pages 1-21, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:12:p:6325-:d:573084
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Yuen, Kum Fai & Wang, Xueqin & Ma, Fei & Wong, Yiik Diew, 2019. "The determinants of customers’ intention to use smart lockers for last-mile deliveries," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 49(C), pages 316-326.
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    4. Charles R. Harris & K. Jarrod Millman & Stéfan J. Walt & Ralf Gommers & Pauli Virtanen & David Cournapeau & Eric Wieser & Julian Taylor & Sebastian Berg & Nathaniel J. Smith & Robert Kern & Matti Picu, 2020. "Array programming with NumPy," Nature, Nature, vol. 585(7825), pages 357-362, September.
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    6. Lachapelle, Ugo & Burke, Matthew & Brotherton, Aiden & Leung, Abraham, 2018. "Parcel locker systems in a car dominant city: Location, characterisation and potential impacts on city planning and consumer travel access," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 71(C), pages 1-14.
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    Cited by:

    1. Sina Mohri, Seyed & Nassir, Neema & Thompson, Russell G. & Ghaderi, Hadi, 2024. "Last-Mile logistics with on-premises parcel Lockers: Who are the real Beneficiaries?," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 183(C).
    2. Maren Schnieder & Chris Hinde & Andrew West, 2022. "Emission Estimation of On-Demand Meal Delivery Services Using a Macroscopic Simulation," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(18), pages 1-17, September.
    3. Mateusz Kurowski & Marek Sobolewski & Maciej Koszorek, 2023. "Geometrical Parcel Locker Network Design with Consideration of Users’ Preferences as a Solution for Sustainable Last Mile Delivery," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(20), pages 1-17, October.
    4. Maren Schnieder & Chris Hinde & Andrew West, 2022. "Land Efficient Mobility: Evaluation of Autonomous Last Mile Delivery Concepts in London," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(16), pages 1-21, August.

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