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Spatial Analysis of Groundwater Hydrochemistry through Integrated Multivariate Analysis: A Case Study in the Urbanized Langat Basin, Malaysia

Author

Listed:
  • Nur Fatihah Mohamad Zainol

    (Department of Environment, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Malaysia)

  • Azim Haziq Zainuddin

    (International Institute of Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Port Dickson 71050, Malaysia)

  • Ley Juen Looi

    (Department of Environment, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Malaysia)

  • Ahmad Zaharin Aris

    (International Institute of Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Port Dickson 71050, Malaysia)

  • Noorain Mohd Isa

    (Department of Environment, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Malaysia)

  • Anuar Sefie

    (National Water Research Institute of Malaysia, Lot 5377, Jalan Putra Permai, Seri Kembangan 43300, Malaysia)

  • Ku Mohd Kalkausar Ku Yusof

    (Department of Chemistry, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Terengganu 21300, Malaysia)

Abstract

Rapid urbanization and industrial development in the Langat Basin has disturbed the groundwater quality. The populations’ reliance on groundwater sources may induce possible risks to human health such as cancer and endocrine dysfunction. This study aims to determine the groundwater quality of an urbanized basin through 24 studied hydrochemical parameters from 45 groundwater samples obtained from 15 different sampling stations by employing integrated multivariate analysis. The abundance of the major ions was in the following order: bicarbonate (HCO 3 − ) > chloride (Cl − ) > sodium (Na + ) > sulphate (SO 4 2− ) > calcium (Ca 2+ ) > potassium (K + ) > magnesium (Mg 2+ ). Heavy metal dominance was in the following order: Fe > Mn > Zn > As > Hg > Pb > Ni > Cu > Cd > Se > Sr. Classification of the groundwater facies indicated that the studied groundwater belongs to the Na-Cl with saline water type and Na-HCO 3 with mix water type characteristics. The saline water type characteristics are derived from agricultural activities, while the mixed water types occur from water–rock interaction. Multivariate analysis performance suggests that industrial, agricultural, and weathering activities have contributed to groundwater contamination. The study will help in the understanding of the groundwater quality issue and serve as a reference for other basins with similar characteristics.

Suggested Citation

  • Nur Fatihah Mohamad Zainol & Azim Haziq Zainuddin & Ley Juen Looi & Ahmad Zaharin Aris & Noorain Mohd Isa & Anuar Sefie & Ku Mohd Kalkausar Ku Yusof, 2021. "Spatial Analysis of Groundwater Hydrochemistry through Integrated Multivariate Analysis: A Case Study in the Urbanized Langat Basin, Malaysia," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(11), pages 1-20, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:11:p:5733-:d:563102
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Nura Umar Kura & Mohammad Firuz Ramli & Wan Nur Azmin Sulaiman & Shaharin Ibrahim & Ahmad Zaharin Aris & Adamu Mustapha, 2013. "Evaluation of Factors Influencing the Groundwater Chemistry in a Small Tropical Island of Malaysia," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 10(5), pages 1-21, May.
    2. S. Chidambaram & U. Karmegam & M. V. Prasanna & P. Sasidhar, 2012. "A study on evaluation of probable sources of heavy metal pollution in groundwater of Kalpakkam region, South India," Environment Systems and Decisions, Springer, vol. 32(4), pages 371-382, December.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

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