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Diarrhea in Under Five Year-old Children in Nepal: A Spatiotemporal Analysis Based on Demographic and Health Survey Data

Author

Listed:
  • Ruixue Li

    (School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
    Ruixue Li and Yingsi Lai contributed equally to this article.)

  • Yingsi Lai

    (School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
    Sun Yat-sen Global Health Institute, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
    Ruixue Li and Yingsi Lai contributed equally to this article.)

  • Chenyang Feng

    (Sun Yat-sen Global Health Institute, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China)

  • Rubee Dev

    (Sun Yat-sen Global Health Institute, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China)

  • Yijing Wang

    (School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China)

  • Yuantao Hao

    (School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
    Sun Yat-sen Global Health Institute, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China)

Abstract

Background: Diarrhea in children under five years of age remains a challenge in reducing child mortality in Nepal. Understanding the spatiotemporal patterns and influencing factors of the disease is important for control and intervention. Methods: Data regarding diarrhea prevalence and its potential influencing factors were extracted from the Demographic and Health Surveys in Nepal and other open-access databases. A Bayesian logistic regression model with district-specific spatio-temporal random effects was applied to explore the space and time patterns of diarrhea risk, as well as the relationships between the risk and the potential influencing factors. Results: Both the observed prevalence and the estimated spatiotemporal effects show a decreasing diarrhea risk trend from 2006 to 2016 in most districts of Nepal, with a few exceptions, such as Achham and Rasuwa. The disease risk decreased with mothers’ years of education ( OR 0.93, 95% Bayesian Credible Interval (BCI) 0.87, 0.997). Compared to spring, autumn and winter had lower risks of diarrhea. The risk firstly increased and then decreased with age and children under 12–24 months old were the highest risk group ( OR 1.20, 95% BCI 1.04, 1.38). Boys had higher risk than girls ( OR 1.24, 95% BCI 1.13, 1.39). Even though improved sanitation wasn’t found significant within a 95% BCI, there was 93.2% of chance of it being a protective factor. There were no obvious spatiotemporal clusters among districts and each district tended to have its own spatiotemporal diarrhea prevalence pattern. Conclusions: The important risk factors identified by our Bayesian spatial-temporal modeling provide insights for control and intervention on children diarrhea in Nepal. Special attention should be paid to high risk groups of children and high risk seasons, as well as districts with high risk or increased trend of risk. Effective actions should be implemented to improve sanitation and women’s education level. District-specific control planning is recommended for local governments for effective control of children diarrhea in Nepal.

Suggested Citation

  • Ruixue Li & Yingsi Lai & Chenyang Feng & Rubee Dev & Yijing Wang & Yuantao Hao, 2020. "Diarrhea in Under Five Year-old Children in Nepal: A Spatiotemporal Analysis Based on Demographic and Health Survey Data," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(6), pages 1-17, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2020:i:6:p:2140-:d:336045
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Håvard Rue & Sara Martino & Nicolas Chopin, 2009. "Approximate Bayesian inference for latent Gaussian models by using integrated nested Laplace approximations," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B, Royal Statistical Society, vol. 71(2), pages 319-392, April.
    2. Animut Alebel & Cheru Tesema & Belisty Temesgen & Alemu Gebrie & Pammla Petrucka & Getiye Dejenu Kibret, 2018. "Prevalence and determinants of diarrhea among under-five children in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 13(6), pages 1-20, June.
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    1. Bima Sakti Satria Wibawa & Aussie Tahta Maharani & Gerry Andhikaputra & Marsha Savira Agatha Putri & Aditya Prana Iswara & Amir Sapkota & Ayushi Sharma & Arie Dipareza Syafei & Yu-Chun Wang, 2023. "Effects of Ambient Temperature, Relative Humidity, and Precipitation on Diarrhea Incidence in Surabaya," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(3), pages 1-13, January.

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