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Serological Evidence of West Nile and Usutu Viruses Circulation in Domestic and Wild Birds in Wetlands of Mali and Madagascar in 2008

Author

Listed:
  • Véronique Chevalier

    (CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-34090 Montpellier, France
    Université Montpellier, F-34090 Montpellier, France
    Epidemiology and Public Health Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh PO Box 983, Cambodia)

  • Maud Marsot

    (University Paris Est, ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health, Epidemiology Unit, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France)

  • Sophie Molia

    (CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-34090 Montpellier, France
    Université Montpellier, F-34090 Montpellier, France
    Centre Régional de Santé Animale, Parc Sotuba, Bamako, Mali)

  • Harena Rasamoelina

    (FOFIFA-DRZV, 101 Antananarivo, Madagascar)

  • René Rakotondravao

    (FOFIFA-DRZV, 101 Antananarivo, Madagascar)

  • Miguel Pedrono

    (CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-34090 Montpellier, France
    Université Montpellier, F-34090 Montpellier, France
    FOFIFA-DRZV, 101 Antananarivo, Madagascar)

  • Steeve Lowenski

    (UMR 1161 Virology, ANSES, INRA, ENVA, ANSES Animal Health Laboratory, EURL for Equine Diseases, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France)

  • Benoit Durand

    (University Paris Est, ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health, Epidemiology Unit, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France)

  • Sylvie Lecollinet

    (UMR 1161 Virology, ANSES, INRA, ENVA, ANSES Animal Health Laboratory, EURL for Equine Diseases, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France)

  • Cécile Beck

    (UMR 1161 Virology, ANSES, INRA, ENVA, ANSES Animal Health Laboratory, EURL for Equine Diseases, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France)

Abstract

The geographical distribution and impact on animal and human health of both West Nile and Usutu viruses, two flaviviruses of the Japanese encephalitis complex, have been increasing during the past two decades. Both viruses circulate in Europe and Africa within a natural cycle between wild birds and mosquitoes, mainly from the Culex genus. We retrospectively analyzed sera from domestic and wild birds sampled in 2008 in two wetlands, namely the Inner Niger Delta, Mali, and the Lake Alaotra area, Madagascar. Sera were first tested using a commercial ID Screen West Nile Competition Multi-species ELISA kit. Then, positive sera and sera with insufficient volume for testing with ELISA were tested with a Microneutralization Test. In Mali, the observed seroprevalence in domestic birds was 28.5% [24.5; 32.8] 95%CI , 3.1 % [1.8; 5.2] 95%CI , 6.2% [3.4; 10.2] 95%CI and 9.8 % [7.3; 12.8] 95%CI , for West Nile virus (WNV), Usutu virus (USUV), undetermined flavivirus, and WNV/USUV respectively. Regarding domestic birds of Madagascar, the observed seroprevalence was 4.4 % [2.1; 7.9] 95%CI for WNV, 0.9% [0.1; 3.1] 95%CI for USUV, 1.3% [0.5; 2.8] 95%CI for undetermined flavivirus, and null for WNV/USUV. Among the 150 wild birds sampled in Madagascar, two fulvous whistling-ducks ( Dendrocygna bicolor ) were positive for WNV and two for an undetermined flavivirus. One white-faced whistling-duck ( Dendrocygna viduata ) and one Hottentot teal ( Spatula hottentota ) were tested positive for USUV. African and European wetlands are linked by wild bird migrations. This first detection of USUV—as well as the confirmed circulation of WNV in domestic birds of two wetlands of Mali and Madagascar—emphasizes the need to improve the surveillance, knowledge of epidemiological patterns, and phylogenetic characteristics of flavivirus in Africa, particularly in areas prone to sustained, intense flavivirus transmission such as wetlands.

Suggested Citation

  • Véronique Chevalier & Maud Marsot & Sophie Molia & Harena Rasamoelina & René Rakotondravao & Miguel Pedrono & Steeve Lowenski & Benoit Durand & Sylvie Lecollinet & Cécile Beck, 2020. "Serological Evidence of West Nile and Usutu Viruses Circulation in Domestic and Wild Birds in Wetlands of Mali and Madagascar in 2008," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(6), pages 1-14, March.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2020:i:6:p:1998-:d:333794
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Nicholas Johnson & Mar Fernández de Marco & Armando Giovannini & Carla Ippoliti & Maria Luisa Danzetta & Gili Svartz & Oran Erster & Martin H. Groschup & Ute Ziegler & Ali Mirazimi & Vanessa Monteil &, 2018. "Emerging Mosquito-Borne Threats and the Response from European and Eastern Mediterranean Countries," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(12), pages 1-17, December.
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