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Cerebral Oxygenation Reserve: The Relationship Between Physical Activity Level and the Cognitive Load During a Stroop Task in Healthy Young Males

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  • Roman Goenarjo

    (Laboratoire MOVE (EA 6314), Faculté des Sciences du Sport, Université de Poitiers, 86000 Poitiers, France
    Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia)

  • Laurent Bosquet

    (Laboratoire MOVE (EA 6314), Faculté des Sciences du Sport, Université de Poitiers, 86000 Poitiers, France)

  • Nicolas Berryman

    (Department of Sports Studies, Bishop’s University, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 1Z7, Canada
    Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3W 1W5, Canada
    Département des Sciences de l’Activité Physique, Faculté des Sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montréal, QC H2L 2C4, Canada)

  • Valentine Metier

    (Laboratoire MOVE (EA 6314), Faculté des Sciences du Sport, Université de Poitiers, 86000 Poitiers, France)

  • Anaick Perrochon

    (Laboratoire HAVAE (EA 6310), Département STAPS, Université de Limoges, 87032 Limoges, France)

  • Sarah Anne Fraser

    (Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada)

  • Olivier Dupuy

    (Laboratoire MOVE (EA 6314), Faculté des Sciences du Sport, Université de Poitiers, 86000 Poitiers, France)

Abstract

Introduction : Many studies have reported that regular physical activity is positively associated with cognitive performance and more selectively with executive functions. However, some studies reported that the association of physical activity on executive performance in younger adults was not as clearly established when compared to studies with older adults. Among the many physiological mechanisms that may influence cognitive functioning, prefrontal (PFC) oxygenation seems to play a major role. The aim of the current study was to assess whether executive function and prefrontal oxygenation are dependent on physical activity levels (active versus inactive) in healthy young males. Methods: Fifty-six healthy young males (22.1 ± 2.4 years) were classified as active (n = 26) or inactive (n = 30) according to the recommendations made by the World Health Organization (WHO) and using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ). Bilateral PFC oxygenation was assessed using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) during a computerized Stroop task (which included naming, inhibition, and switching conditions). Accuracy (% of correct responses) and reaction times (ms) were used as behavioural indicators of cognitive performances. Changes in oxygenated (∆HbO 2 ) and deoxygenated (∆HHb) hemoglobin were measured to capture neural changes. Several two-way repeated measures ANOVAs (Physical activity level x Stroop conditions) were performed to test the null hypothesis of an absence of interaction between physical activity level and executive performance in prefrontal oxygenation. Results: The analysis revealed an interaction between physical activity level and Stroop conditions on reaction time ( p = 0.04; ES = 0.7) in which physical activity level had a moderate effect on reaction time in the switching condition ( p = 0.02; ES = 0.8) but not in naming and inhibition conditions. At the neural level, a significant interaction between physical activity level and prefrontal oxygenation was found. Physical activity level had a large effect on ΔHbO 2 in the switching condition in the right PFC ( p = 0.04; ES = 0.8) and left PFC ( p = 0.02; ES = 0.96), but not in other conditions. A large physical activity level effect was also found on ΔHHb in the inhibition condition in the right PFC ( p < 0.01; ES = 0.9), but not in the left PFC or other conditions. Conclusion : The results of this cross-sectional study indicate that active young males performed better in executive tasks than their inactive counterparts and had a larger change in oxygenation in the PFC during these most complex conditions.

Suggested Citation

  • Roman Goenarjo & Laurent Bosquet & Nicolas Berryman & Valentine Metier & Anaick Perrochon & Sarah Anne Fraser & Olivier Dupuy, 2020. "Cerebral Oxygenation Reserve: The Relationship Between Physical Activity Level and the Cognitive Load During a Stroop Task in Healthy Young Males," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(4), pages 1-14, February.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2020:i:4:p:1406-:d:323678
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    1. Arthur F. Kramer & Sowon Hahn & Neal J. Cohen & Marie T. Banich & Edward McAuley & Catherine R. Harrison & Julie Chason & Eli Vakil & Lynn Bardell & Richard A. Boileau & Angela Colcombe, 1999. "Ageing, fitness and neurocognitive function," Nature, Nature, vol. 400(6743), pages 418-419, July.
    2. Scott M. Hayes & Daniel E. Forman & Mieke Verfaellie, 2016. "Cardiorespiratory Fitness Is Associated With Cognitive Performance in Older But Not Younger Adults," The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, The Gerontological Society of America, vol. 71(3), pages 474-482.
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