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Toxic and Essential Elements in Rice and Other Grains from the United States and Other Countries

Author

Listed:
  • Mom TatahMentan

    (Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA)

  • Syprose Nyachoti

    (Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA)

  • Laura Scott

    (Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA)

  • Nati Phan

    (Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA)

  • Frederick O. Okwori

    (Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA)

  • Nedaa Felemban

    (Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA)

  • Tewodros R. Godebo

    (Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA)

Abstract

We determined the concentrations of toxic and essential elements in rice and other grains (lentils, barleys, beans, oats, wheat, and peas) grown in the United States (US) and other countries using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICPMS). Results showed that median concentrations (in µg/kg) for toxic elements in white rice from the US were 131, 2.8, and 6.5 for arsenic (As), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd), respectively. White rice from Thailand, India, and Italy showed higher median toxic elements concentrations (in µg/kg) of 155 for As, 3.6 for Pb, and 8.4 for Cd, than for white rice from the US. Brown rice from the US showed median concentrations (in µg/kg) of 217 (As), 4.5 (Pb), and 17.4 (Cd) while other grains showed median concentrations (in µg/kg) of 5.4, 4.6, and 6.7 for these elements, respectively. None of the samples exceeded the codex standards set for Pb (200 μg/kg in cereals and pulses) and Cd (100 μg/kg in cereals/pulses and 400 μg/kg in polished rice). However, brown rice and one white rice sample did exceed the codex standard for As (200 μg/kg). Essential elements were higher in other grains than in white and brown rice. These findings suggest that alternating or coupling rice with other grains in one’s diet could reduce exposure to toxic metals while providing more essential elements to rice diet.

Suggested Citation

  • Mom TatahMentan & Syprose Nyachoti & Laura Scott & Nati Phan & Frederick O. Okwori & Nedaa Felemban & Tewodros R. Godebo, 2020. "Toxic and Essential Elements in Rice and Other Grains from the United States and Other Countries," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(21), pages 1-12, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2020:i:21:p:8128-:d:439567
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Yang, Q.W. & Lan, C.Y. & Wang, H.B. & Zhuang, P. & Shu, W.S., 2006. "Cadmium in soil-rice system and health risk associated with the use of untreated mining wastewater for irrigation in Lechang, China," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 84(1-2), pages 147-152, July.
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    Cited by:

    1. Wania Imran & Justin B. Richardson, 2023. "Trace Element (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Se, U) Concentrations and Health Hazards from Drinking Water and Market Rice across Lahore City, Pakistan," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(18), pages 1-14, September.
    2. Cristina Hegedus & Simona-Nicoleta Pașcalău & Luisa Andronie & Ancuţa-Simona Rotaru & Alexandra-Antonia Cucu & Daniel Severus Dezmirean, 2023. "The Journey of 1000 Leagues towards the Decontamination of the Soil from Heavy Metals and the Impact on the Soil–Plant–Animal–Human Chain Begins with the First Step: Phytostabilization/Phytoextraction," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 13(3), pages 1-49, March.

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