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Lead Toxicity and Pollution in Poland

Author

Listed:
  • Angelika Edyta Charkiewicz

    (Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-295 Bialystok, Poland)

  • Jeffrey R. Backstrand

    (School of Public Affairs and Administration, Center for Collaboration and the Urban Child, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA)

Abstract

Background: Human exposure to lead can occur in a variety of ways, all of which involve exposure to potentially toxic elements as environmental pollutants. Lead enters the body via ingestion and inhalation from sources such as soil, food, lead dust and lead in products of everyday use and in the workplace. The aim of this review is to describe the toxic effects of lead on the human body from conception to adulthood, and to review the situation regarding lead toxicity in Poland. Results: Pb is very dangerous when it is absorbed and accumulates in the main organs of the body, where it can cause a range of symptoms that vary from person to person, the time of exposure and dose. Lead in adults can cause an increase in blood pressure, slow nerve conduction, fatigue, mood swings, drowsiness, impaired concentration, fertility disorders, decreased sex drive, headaches, constipation and, in severe cases, encephalopathy or death. Conclusions: Exposure to lead in Poland remains an important public health problem. This review will cover the range of lead exposures, from mild to heavy. Public health interventions and policies also are needed to reduce occupational and environmental exposure to this element.

Suggested Citation

  • Angelika Edyta Charkiewicz & Jeffrey R. Backstrand, 2020. "Lead Toxicity and Pollution in Poland," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(12), pages 1-16, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2020:i:12:p:4385-:d:373285
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Joonho Ahn & Mi Yeon Park & Mo-Yeol Kang & In-Soo Shin & Sungjae An & Hyoung-Ryoul Kim, 2020. "Occupational Lead Exposure and Brain Tumors: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(11), pages 1-14, June.
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    Cited by:

    1. Daniela Varrica & Federica Lo Medico & Maria Grazia Alaimo, 2022. "Air Quality Assessment by the Determination of Trace Elements in Lichens ( Xanthoria calcicola ) in an Industrial Area (Sicily, Italy)," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(15), pages 1-15, August.
    2. Jing Shi & Ping Du & Huilong Luo & Juan Chen & Yunhui Zhang & Minghong Wu & Gang Xu, 2021. "Characteristics and Risk Assessment of Soil Polluted by Lead around Various Metal Mines in China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(9), pages 1-9, April.
    3. Nicola Magnavita, 2022. "Headache in the Workplace: Analysis of Factors Influencing Headaches in Terms of Productivity and Health," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(6), pages 1-11, March.
    4. Vinay Kumar & Munish Sharma & Sonica Sondhi & Komalpreet Kaur & Deepak Sharma & Shivali Sharma & Divya Utreja, 2023. "Removal of Inorganic Pollutants from Wastewater: Innovative Technologies and Toxicity Assessment," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(23), pages 1-24, November.
    5. Múcio Magno de Melo Farnezi & Enilson de Barros Silva & Lauana Lopes dos Santos & Alexandre Christofaro Silva & Paulo Henrique Grazziotti & Luís Reynaldo Ferracciú Alleoni & Wesley Costa Silva & Angel, 2022. "Potential of Forage Grasses in Phytoremediation of Lead through Production of Phytoliths in Contaminated Soils," Land, MDPI, vol. 12(1), pages 1-10, December.
    6. Afua Amponsah Amankwah & Eric Boateng Acheampong & Afua Amponsah Amankwah, 2022. "Pollution Evaluation And Health Risk Assessment Of Heavy Metals In Stream Water At East Akim Municipal Assembly, Ghana," Environmental Contaminants Reviews (ECR), Zibeline International Publishing, vol. 5(1), pages 15-22, January.

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