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Hard Water, More Elastic Arteries: A Case Study from Krupina District, Slovakia

Author

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  • Stanislav Rapant

    (Department of Geochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia)

  • Veronika Cvečková

    (Department of Geochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia)

  • Katarína Fajčíková

    (Magistrate of the Capital City of Bratislava, Primaciálne nám. 1, 814 99 Bratislava, Slovakia)

  • Igor Hajdúk

    (Institute for Work Rehabilitation of Disabled People, Mokrohájska 1, 842 40 Bratislava, Slovakia)

  • Edgar Hiller

    (Department of Geochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia)

  • Beáta Stehlíková

    (Faculty of Economics of Business, Pan-European University, Tematínska 10, 851 05, Bratislava 5, Slovakia)

Abstract

The protective role of hard drinking water against cardiovascular diseases is well documented by numerous studies. This article describes the impact of Ca and Mg contents in the drinking water with different water hardness on the cardiovascular system (arterial stiffness, arterial age) of residents of the Krupina district, the Slovak Republic. The research was based on the measurements of arterial stiffness, including the measurements of aortic pulse wave velocity (PWVao) and the calculation of the arterial age of the residents. In total, 144 randomly selected residents were included in measurements, divided into the two groups according to Ca and Mg contents in drinking water (water hardness). The first group was supplied with soft drinking water (total dissolved solids (TDS): 200–300 mg·L −1 , Ca: 20–25 mg·L −1 , Mg: 5–10 mg·L −1 ). The second group of residents was supplied with harder drinking water (TDS: 500–600 mg·L −1 , Ca: 80–90 mg·L −1 , Mg: 25–30 mg·L −1 ). Differences in arterial stiffness between the two groups of respondents were documented. Higher arterial stiffness (low flexibility of arteries) was determined for a group of residents supplied with soft drinking water. This was reflected in higher PWVao levels, higher number of pathological cases (PWVao > 10 m·s −1 ), and arterial age of respondents compared to their actual age. The “absolute” difference between the arterial and actual age between the two evaluated groups of residents (soft vs. harder water) was nearly 5 years on average. The higher arterial stiffness and age of residents that consumed soft drinking water indicate the health significance of lower contents of Ca and Mg in drinking water as an environmental risk factor of cardiovascular diseases. Measuring arterial stiffness of residents in the areas supplied with soft drinking water can be used as a non-invasive approach in the prevention of cardiovascular risks.

Suggested Citation

  • Stanislav Rapant & Veronika Cvečková & Katarína Fajčíková & Igor Hajdúk & Edgar Hiller & Beáta Stehlíková, 2019. "Hard Water, More Elastic Arteries: A Case Study from Krupina District, Slovakia," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(9), pages 1-14, April.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:16:y:2019:i:9:p:1521-:d:227061
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Stanislav Rapant & Veronika Cvečková & Katarína Fajčíková & Darina Sedláková & Beáta Stehlíková, 2017. "Impact of Calcium and Magnesium in Groundwater and Drinking Water on the Health of Inhabitants of the Slovak Republic," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(3), pages 1-21, March.
    2. Kuan Y. Chang & I-Wen Wu & Bo-Ruei Huang & Jih-Gau Juang & Jia-Chyi Wu & Su-Wei Chang & Chung Cheng Chang, 2018. "Associations between Water Quality Measures and Chronic Kidney Disease Prevalence in Taiwan," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(12), pages 1-15, December.
    3. Qucheng Deng & Lijuan Chen & Yongping Wei & Yonghua Li & Xuerong Han & Wei Liang & Yinjun Zhao & Xiaofei Wang & Juan Yin, 2018. "Understanding the Association between Environmental Factors and Longevity in Hechi, China: A Drinking Water and Soil Quality Perspective," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(10), pages 1-17, October.
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    Cited by:

    1. Stanislav Rapant & Veronika Cvečková & Edgar Hiller & Dana Jurkovičová & František Kožíšek & Beáta Stehlíková, 2020. "Proposal of New Health Risk Assessment Method for Deficient Essential Elements in Drinking Water—Case Study of the Slovak Republic," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(16), pages 1-16, August.
    2. János Nagy & Sándor Sipka & Sándor Sipka & Judit Kocsis & Zsolt Horváth, 2019. "The Hardness of Drinking Water Negatively while Socio-Economic Deprivation Positively Correlate with the Age-Adjusted Mortality Rates due to Cardiovascular Diseases in Hungarian Wine Regions," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(18), pages 1-8, September.

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