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Impact of Calcium and Magnesium in Groundwater and Drinking Water on the Health of Inhabitants of the Slovak Republic

Author

Listed:
  • Stanislav Rapant

    (State Geological Institute of Dionyz Stur, Mlynská Dolina 1, 817 04 Bratislava, Slovak Republic)

  • Veronika Cvečková

    (State Geological Institute of Dionyz Stur, Mlynská Dolina 1, 817 04 Bratislava, Slovak Republic)

  • Katarína Fajčíková

    (State Geological Institute of Dionyz Stur, Mlynská Dolina 1, 817 04 Bratislava, Slovak Republic)

  • Darina Sedláková

    (WHO Country Office in the Slovak Republic, Limbová 2, 837 52 Bratislava, Slovak Republic)

  • Beáta Stehlíková

    (Faculty of Economics and Business, Paneuropean University, Tematínska 10, 851 05 Bratislava, Slovak Republic)

Abstract

This work aims to evaluate the impact of the chemical composition of groundwater/drinking water on the health of inhabitants of the Slovak Republic. Primary data consists of 20,339 chemical analyses of groundwater (34 chemical elements and compounds) and data on the health of the Slovak population expressed in the form of health indicators (HI). Fourteen HIs were evaluated including life expectancy, potential years of lost life, relative/standardized mortality for cardiovascular and oncological diseases, and diseases of the gastrointestinal and respiratory systems. The chemical and health data were expressed as the mean values for each of the 2883 Slovak municipalities. Artificial neural network (ANN) was the method used for environmental and health data analysis. The most significant relationship between HI and chemical composition of groundwater was documented as Ca + Mg (mmol·L −1 ), Ca and Mg. The following limit values were set for these most significant groundwater chemical parameters: Ca + Mg 2.9–6.1 mmol·L −1 , Ca 78–155 mg·L −1 and Mg 28–54 mg·L −1 . At these concentration ranges, the health of the Slovak population is the most favorable and the life expectancy is the highest. These limit values are about twice as high in comparison to the current Slovak valid guideline values for drinking water.

Suggested Citation

  • Stanislav Rapant & Veronika Cvečková & Katarína Fajčíková & Darina Sedláková & Beáta Stehlíková, 2017. "Impact of Calcium and Magnesium in Groundwater and Drinking Water on the Health of Inhabitants of the Slovak Republic," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(3), pages 1-21, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:14:y:2017:i:3:p:278-:d:92504
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Stanislav Rapant & Veronika Cvečková & Katarína Fajčíková & Igor Hajdúk & Edgar Hiller & Beáta Stehlíková, 2019. "Hard Water, More Elastic Arteries: A Case Study from Krupina District, Slovakia," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(9), pages 1-14, April.
    2. Mohammad Reza Vesali Naseh & Roohollah Noori & Ronny Berndtsson & Jan Adamowski & Elaheh Sadatipour, 2018. "Groundwater Pollution Sources Apportionment in the Ghaen Plain, Iran," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(1), pages 1-18, January.
    3. Stanislav Rapant & Veronika Cvečková & Edgar Hiller & Dana Jurkovičová & František Kožíšek & Beáta Stehlíková, 2020. "Proposal of New Health Risk Assessment Method for Deficient Essential Elements in Drinking Water—Case Study of the Slovak Republic," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(16), pages 1-16, August.
    4. Kirstine Wodschow & Birgitte Hansen & Jörg Schullehner & Annette Kjær Ersbøll, 2018. "Stability of Major Geogenic Cations in Drinking Water—An Issue of Public Health Importance: A Danish Study, 1980–2017," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(6), pages 1-16, June.
    5. Anna Rygało-Galewska & Klara Zglińska & Mateusz Roguski & Kamil Roman & Wiktor Bendowski & Damian Bień & Tomasz Niemiec, 2023. "Effect of Different Levels of Calcium and Addition of Magnesium in the Diet on Garden Snails’ ( Cornu aspersum ) Condition, Production, and Nutritional Parameters," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 13(11), pages 1-29, October.

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