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Neighborhood Greenness Attenuates the Adverse Effect of PM 2.5 on Cardiovascular Mortality in Neighborhoods of Lower Socioeconomic Status

Author

Listed:
  • Maayan Yitshak-Sade

    (Exposure, Epidemiology, and Risk Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02215, USA)

  • Peter James

    (Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA)

  • Itai Kloog

    (Department of Geography and Environmental Development, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel)

  • Jaime E. Hart

    (Exposure, Epidemiology, and Risk Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02215, USA
    Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA)

  • Joel D. Schwartz

    (Exposure, Epidemiology, and Risk Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02215, USA
    Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA)

  • Francine Laden

    (Exposure, Epidemiology, and Risk Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02215, USA
    Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA)

  • Kevin J. Lane

    (Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA)

  • M. Patricia Fabian

    (Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA)

  • Kelvin C. Fong

    (Exposure, Epidemiology, and Risk Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02215, USA)

  • Antonella Zanobetti

    (Exposure, Epidemiology, and Risk Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02215, USA)

Abstract

Features of the environment may modify the effect of particulate matter ≤2.5 µm in aerodynamic diameter (PM 2.5 ) on health. Therefore, we investigated how neighborhood sociodemographic and land-use characteristics may modify the association between PM 2.5 and cardiovascular mortality. We obtained residence-level geocoded cardiovascular mortality cases from the Massachusetts Department of Public Health ( n = 179,986), and PM 2.5 predictions from a satellite-based model (2001–2011). We appended census block group-level information on sociodemographic factors and walkability, and calculated neighborhood greenness within a 250 m buffer surrounding each residence. We found a 2.54% (1.34%; 3.74%) increase in cardiovascular mortality associated with a 10 µg/m 3 increase in two-day average PM 2.5 . Walkability or greenness did not modify the association. However, when stratifying by neighborhood sociodemographic characteristics, smaller PM 2.5 effects were observed in greener areas only among cases who resided in neighborhoods with a higher population density and lower percentages of white residents or residents with a high school diploma. In conclusion, the PM 2.5 effects on cardiovascular mortality were attenuated by higher greenness only in areas with sociodemographic features that are highly correlated with lower socioeconomic status. Previous evidence suggests health benefits linked to neighborhood greenness may be stronger among lower socioeconomic groups. Attenuation of the PM 2.5 –mortality relationship due to greenness may explain some of this evidence.

Suggested Citation

  • Maayan Yitshak-Sade & Peter James & Itai Kloog & Jaime E. Hart & Joel D. Schwartz & Francine Laden & Kevin J. Lane & M. Patricia Fabian & Kelvin C. Fong & Antonella Zanobetti, 2019. "Neighborhood Greenness Attenuates the Adverse Effect of PM 2.5 on Cardiovascular Mortality in Neighborhoods of Lower Socioeconomic Status," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(5), pages 1-10, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:16:y:2019:i:5:p:814-:d:211390
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Joan A. Casey & Peter James & Kara E. Rudolph & Chih-Da Wu & Brian S. Schwartz, 2016. "Greenness and Birth Outcomes in a Range of Pennsylvania Communities," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 13(3), pages 1-15, March.
    2. Itai Kloog & Brent A Coull & Antonella Zanobetti & Petros Koutrakis & Joel D Schwartz, 2012. "Acute and Chronic Effects of Particles on Hospital Admissions in New-England," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 7(4), pages 1-8, April.
    3. Lachowycz, Kate & Jones, Andy P., 2014. "Does walking explain associations between access to greenspace and lower mortality?," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 107(C), pages 9-17.
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    2. Haomin Yang & Jianpeng Liao & Jing Wang & Can Yang & Kuizhuang Jiao & Xiaodie Wang & Zenghui Huang & Xuxi Ma & Xingyuan Liu & Jingling Liao & Lu Ma, 2022. "PM 2.5 -Associated Hospitalization Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases in Wuhan: Cases Alleviated by Residential Greenness," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(1), pages 1-12, December.
    3. Alessandro Rigolon & Matthew H. E. M. Browning & Olivia McAnirlin & Hyunseo (Violet) Yoon, 2021. "Green Space and Health Equity: A Systematic Review on the Potential of Green Space to Reduce Health Disparities," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(5), pages 1-27, March.

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