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Association between Heavy Metals, Bisphenol A, Volatile Organic Compounds and Phthalates and Metabolic Syndrome

Author

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  • Yun Hwa Shim

    (Department of Premedicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam 50612, Korea)

  • Jung Won Ock

    (Department of Premedicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam 50612, Korea)

  • Yoon-Ji Kim

    (Department of Preventive, and Occupational & Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam 50612, Korea)

  • Youngki Kim

    (Department of Preventive, and Occupational & Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam 50612, Korea
    Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Gyeongnam 50612, Korea)

  • Se Yeong Kim

    (Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Gyeongnam 50612, Korea)

  • Dongmug Kang

    (Department of Preventive, and Occupational & Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam 50612, Korea
    Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Gyeongnam 50612, Korea)

Abstract

The incidence of metabolic syndrome (MetS), which causes heart disease and stroke, has increased significantly worldwide. Although many studies have revealed the relationship between heavy metals (cadmium, mercury, and lead), the sum of metabolites of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), and MetS, the results remain inconsistent. No study has reported the association between various volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and phthalate metabolites with MetS. This cross-sectional study of a representative sample of adult South Koreans aimed to evaluate the relationship between heavy metals, VOC metabolites, phthalate metabolites, bisphenol A and MetS after adjusting for demographic variables. Data from the Korean National Environmental Health Survey II (2012–2014) ( n = 5251) were used in the analysis. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed for MetS with log-transformed hazardous material quartiles after covariate adjustment. Urine muconic acid (MuA) and mono- (2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP) levels were significantly associated with MetS after adjusting for confounders (odds ratio: 1.34 and 1.39, respectively). Urine MuA and MEHHP levels were significantly associated with MetS. Because of the rarity of this study, which investigated the relationship between each VOC and phthalate metabolite with MetS and the strict definition of all indirect measures of MetS components, further research is needed.

Suggested Citation

  • Yun Hwa Shim & Jung Won Ock & Yoon-Ji Kim & Youngki Kim & Se Yeong Kim & Dongmug Kang, 2019. "Association between Heavy Metals, Bisphenol A, Volatile Organic Compounds and Phthalates and Metabolic Syndrome," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(4), pages 1-12, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:16:y:2019:i:4:p:671-:d:208841
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    Cited by:

    1. Diana Poli & Paola Mozzoni & Silvana Pinelli & Delia Cavallo & Bruno Papaleo & Lidia Caporossi, 2022. "Sex Difference and Benzene Exposure: Does It Matter?," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(4), pages 1-17, February.
    2. Jong-Joo Kim & Surendra Kumar & Vinay Kumar & Yun-Mi Lee & You-Sam Kim & Vijay Kumar, 2019. "Bisphenols as a Legacy Pollutant, and Their Effects on Organ Vulnerability," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(1), pages 1-18, December.
    3. Ya-Ling Shih & Chia-Jung Hsieh & Tso-Ying Lee & Pei-Hung Liao & Hao-Ting Wu & Chieh-Yu Liu, 2022. "Sex Differences between Urinary Phthalate Metabolites and Metabolic Syndrome in Adults: A Cross-Sectional Taiwan Biobank Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(16), pages 1-18, August.
    4. Chun-Chi Hung & Yung-Wen Cheng & Wei-Liang Chen & Wen-Hui Fang, 2021. "Negative Association between Acrylamide Exposure and Metabolic Syndrome Markers in Adult Population," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(22), pages 1-10, November.

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