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Exit and Entry Screening Practices for Infectious Diseases among Travelers at Points of Entry: Looking for Evidence on Public Health Impact

Author

Listed:
  • Varvara A. Mouchtouri

    (Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41222 Larissa, Greece)

  • Eleni P. Christoforidou

    (Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41222 Larissa, Greece)

  • Maria an der Heiden

    (Robert Koch Institute, Department for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, 13353 Berlin, Germany)

  • Cinthia Menel Lemos

    (Consumers, Health, Agriculture and Food Executive Agency (Chafea), L-2920 Luxemburg, Luxemburg)

  • Margherita Fanos

    (European Commission, DG Health and Food Safety (SANTE), Unit C3—Crisis Management and Preparedness in Health, Luxemburg, L-2920, Luxembourg)

  • Ute Rexroth

    (Robert Koch Institute, Department for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, 13353 Berlin, Germany)

  • Ulrike Grote

    (Robert Koch Institute, Department for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, 13353 Berlin, Germany)

  • Evelien Belfroid

    (National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, RIVM, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands)

  • Corien Swaan

    (National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, RIVM, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands)

  • Christos Hadjichristodoulou

    (Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41222 Larissa, Greece)

Abstract

A scoping search and a systematic literature review were conducted to give an insight on entry and exit screening referring to travelers at points of entry, by analyzing published evidence on practices, guidelines, and experiences in the past 15 years worldwide. Grey literature, PubMed. and Scopus were searched using specific terms. Most of the available data identified through the systematic literature review concerned entry screening measures at airports. Little evidence is available about entry and exit screening measure implementation and effectiveness at ports and ground crossings. Exit screening was part of the World Health Organisation’s (WHO) temporary recommendations for implementation in certain points of entry, for specific time periods. Exit screening measures for Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) in the three most affected West African countries did not identify any cases and showed zero sensitivity and very low specificity. The percentages of confirmed cases identified out of the total numbers of travelers that passed through entry screening measures in various countries worldwide for Influenza Pandemic (H1N1) and EVD in West Africa were zero or extremely low. Entry screening measures for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) did not detect any confirmed SARS cases in Australia, Canada, and Singapore. Despite the ineffectiveness of entry and exit screening measures, authors reported several important concomitant positive effects that their impact is difficult to assess, including discouraging travel of ill persons, raising awareness, and educating the traveling public and maintaining operation of flights from/to the affected areas. Exit screening measures in affected areas are important and should be applied jointly with other measures including information strategies, epidemiological investigation, contact tracing, vaccination, and quarantine to achieve a comprehensive outbreak management response. Based on review results, an algorithm about decision-making for entry/exit screening was developed.

Suggested Citation

  • Varvara A. Mouchtouri & Eleni P. Christoforidou & Maria an der Heiden & Cinthia Menel Lemos & Margherita Fanos & Ute Rexroth & Ulrike Grote & Evelien Belfroid & Corien Swaan & Christos Hadjichristodou, 2019. "Exit and Entry Screening Practices for Infectious Diseases among Travelers at Points of Entry: Looking for Evidence on Public Health Impact," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(23), pages 1-53, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:16:y:2019:i:23:p:4638-:d:289612
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Yan Hong & Gangwei Cai & Zhoujin Mo & Weijun Gao & Lei Xu & Yuanxing Jiang & Jinming Jiang, 2020. "The Impact of COVID-19 on Tourist Satisfaction with B&B in Zhejiang, China: An Importance–Performance Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(10), pages 1-19, May.
    2. Kadijatu Nabie Kamara & James Sylvester Squire & Joseph Sam Kanu & Ronald Carshon-Marsh & Zikan Koroma & Aminata Tigiedankay Koroma & Anna Maruta & Christiana Kallon & Marcel Manzi & Bienvenu Salim Ca, 2022. "Assessment of Infection Prevention and Control Measures at Points of Entry in Sierra Leone in 2021: A Cross-Sectional Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(10), pages 1-11, May.
    3. Sumarni Mohd Ghazali & Sarbhan Singh & Asrul Anuar Zulkifli & Yoon Ling Cheong & Nuur Hafizah Md Iderus & Ahmed Syahmi Syafiq Md Zamri & Nadhar Ahmad Jaafar & Chee Herng Lai & Wan Noraini Wan Mohamed , 2022. "COVID-19 in Malaysia: Descriptive Epidemiologic Characteristics of the First Wave," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(7), pages 1-14, March.
    4. Panayotis Christidis & Aris Christodoulou, 2020. "The Predictive Capacity of Air Travel Patterns during the Global Spread of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Risk, Uncertainty and Randomness," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(10), pages 1-15, May.
    5. Jeadran Malagón-Rojas & Eliana L. Parra B & Marcela Mercado, 2020. "Infection and Risk Perception of SARS-CoV-2 among Airport Workers: A Mixed Methods Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(23), pages 1-17, December.

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