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Urinary Dialkylphosphate Metabolite Levels in US Adults—National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2008

Author

Listed:
  • Christina Gillezeau

    (Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA)

  • Naomi Alpert

    (Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA)

  • Priyanka Joshi

    (Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA)

  • Emanuela Taioli

    (Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA)

Abstract

Background: Urinary dialkylphosphate metabolites are considered to be a proxy of the cumulative exposure to organophosphorus pesticides. We analyzed the urinary levels of six dialkylphosphate (DAP) metabolites in US adults, to assess the factors associated with levels of urinary metabolites, and observe the time trends. Methods: We analyzed the combined urinary levels of Dimethylphosphate (DMP), Diethylphosphate (DEP), Dimethylthiophosphate (DMTP), Diethylthiophosphate (DETP), Dimethyldithiophosphate (DMDTP), and Diethyldithiophosphate (DEDTP) in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 1999 and 2008. Results: Increased age and female gender were positively associated with combined levels of urinary DAP metabolites; BMI < 18.5 kg/m 2 , BMI > 25 kg/m 2 , current smoking, and later survey year were inversely associated with combined levels of DAP metabolites. Among those with at least one detectable DAP in their urine, the mean levels decreased starting in 2001, but stayed relatively stable through 2008. Although the maximum combined urinary DAP level was highest in 1999–2000, throughout all years, we observed extremely high levels of exposure for subgroups of individuals. Conclusion: Despite the fact that organophosphorus pesticides were banned for residential use in the US in 2006, there are still opportunities for exposure in the general population. The average urinary DAP levels have decreased over time; however, the decline appears to have plateaued in recent years, and there remains highly exposed individuals.

Suggested Citation

  • Christina Gillezeau & Naomi Alpert & Priyanka Joshi & Emanuela Taioli, 2019. "Urinary Dialkylphosphate Metabolite Levels in US Adults—National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2008," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(23), pages 1-10, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:16:y:2019:i:23:p:4605-:d:289049
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    Cited by:

    1. Neeranuch Suwannarin & Tippawan Prapamontol & Tomohiko Isobe & Yukiko Nishihama & Ampica Mangklabruks & Tawiwan Pantasri & Somporn Chantara & Warangkana Naksen & Shoji F. Nakayama, 2021. "Association between Haematological Parameters and Exposure to a Mixture of Organophosphate and Neonicotinoid Insecticides among Male Farmworkers in Northern Thailand," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(20), pages 1-14, October.

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