IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jijerp/v16y2019i19p3705-d272618.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Baseline Obesity Increases 25-Year Risk of Mortality due to Cerebrovascular Disease: Role of Race

Author

Listed:
  • Shervin Assari

    (Department of Family Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA)

  • Mohsen Bazargan

    (Department of Family Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
    Department of Family Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA)

Abstract

Background : Although obesity may have a role as a risk factor for cerebrovascular mortality, less is known about how demographic and social groups differ in this regard. Aims : This study had two aims: first to investigate the predictive role of baseline obesity on long-term risk of mortality due to cerebrovascular disease, and second, to test racial variation in this effect. Methods : the Americans’ Changing Lives Study (ACL) 1986–2011 is a state of the art 25-year longitudinal cohort study. ACL followed a nationally representative sample of Blacks ( n = 1156) and Whites ( n = 2205) for up to 25 years. Baseline obesity was the main predictor of interest, time to cerebrovascular death was the main outcome of interest. Demographic characteristics, socioeconomic status (educational attainment and household income), health behaviors (exercise and smoking), and health (hypertension and depressive symptoms) at baseline were covariates. Cox proportional hazards models were used to test additive and multiplicative effects of obesity and race on the outcome. Results : From the total 3,361 individuals, 177 people died due to cerebrovascular causes (Whites and Blacks). In the pooled sample, baseline obesity did not predict cerebrovascular mortality (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.86, 0.49–1.51), independent of demographic, socioeconomic, health behaviors, and health factors at baseline. Race also interacted with baseline obesity on outcome (HR = 3.17, 1.09–9.21), suggesting a stronger predictive role of baseline obesity on cerebrovascular deaths for Black people compared to White individuals. According to the models that were run specific to each race, obesity predicted risk of cerebrovascular mortality for Blacks (HR = 2.51, 1.43–4.39) but not Whites (HR = 0.69, 0.31–1.53). Conclusions : Baseline obesity better predicts long-term risk of cerebrovascular death in Black individuals compared to White people. More research should explore factors that explain why racial differences exist in the effects of obesity on cerebrovascular outcome. Findings also have implications for personalized medicine.

Suggested Citation

  • Shervin Assari & Mohsen Bazargan, 2019. "Baseline Obesity Increases 25-Year Risk of Mortality due to Cerebrovascular Disease: Role of Race," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(19), pages 1-15, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:16:y:2019:i:19:p:3705-:d:272618
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/16/19/3705/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/16/19/3705/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Signorello, L.B. & Schlundt, D.G. & Cohen, S.S. & Steinwandel, M.D. & Buchowski, M.S. & McLaughlin, J.K. & Hargreaves, M.K. & Blot, W.J., 2007. "Comparing diabetes prevalence between African Americans and Whites of similar socioeconomic status," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 97(12), pages 2260-2267.
    2. Kenneth F. Ferraro & Jessica A. Kelley-Moore, 2001. "Self-Rated Health and Mortality Among Black and White Adults," The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, The Gerontological Society of America, vol. 56(4), pages 195-205.
    3. Mehta, Neil & Preston, Samuel, 2016. "Are major behavioral and sociodemographic risk factors for mortality additive or multiplicative in their effects?," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 154(C), pages 93-99.
    4. Karlsen, S. & Nazroo, J.Y., 2002. "Relation between racial discrimination, social class, and health among ethnic minority groups," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 92(4), pages 624-631.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Rosenblatt, Lucas & Herman, Bernease & Holovenko, Anastasia & Lee, Wonkwon & Loftus, Joshua & McKinnie, Elizabeth & Rumezhak, Taras & Stadnik, Andrii & Howe, Bill & Stoyanovich, Julia, 2023. "Epistemic parity: reproducibility as an evaluation metric for differential privacy," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 120493, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Shervin Assari & Maryam Moghani Lankarani, 2018. "Educational Attainment Promotes Fruit and Vegetable Intake for Whites but Not Blacks," J, MDPI, vol. 1(1), pages 1-13, June.
    2. Shervin Assari & Ritesh Mistry, 2018. "Educational Attainment and Smoking Status in a National Sample of American Adults; Evidence for the Blacks’ Diminished Return," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-12, April.
    3. Johnston, David W. & Lordan, Grace, 2012. "Discrimination makes me sick! An examination of the discrimination–health relationship," Journal of Health Economics, Elsevier, vol. 31(1), pages 99-111.
    4. Irizar, Patricia & Kapadia, Dharmi & Amele, Sarah & Bécares, Laia & Divall, Pip & Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal & Kibuchi, Eliud & Kneale, Dylan & McCabe, Ronan & Nazroo, James & Nellums, Laura B. & T, 2023. "Pathways to ethnic inequalities in COVID-19 health outcomes in the United Kingdom: A systematic map," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 329(C).
    5. Lillian Mwanri & William Mude, 2021. "Alcohol, Other Drugs Use and Mental Health among African Migrant Youths in South Australia," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(4), pages 1-13, February.
    6. McNeill, Lorna Haughton & Kreuter, Matthew W. & Subramanian, S.V., 2006. "Social Environment and Physical activity: A review of concepts and evidence," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 63(4), pages 1011-1022, August.
    7. Foorough Kavian & Kaye Mehta & Eileen Willis & Lillian Mwanri & Paul Ward & Sue Booth, 2020. "Migration, Stress and the Challenges of Accessing Food: An Exploratory Study of the Experience of Recent Afghan Women Refugees in Adelaide, Australia," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(4), pages 1-16, February.
    8. Dušan Drbohlav & Dagmar Dzúrová, 2017. "Social Hazards as Manifested Workplace Discrimination and Health (Vietnamese and Ukrainian Female and Male Migrants in Czechia)," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(10), pages 1-16, October.
    9. Hafifa Siddiq & Babak Najand, 2022. "Immigration Status, Socioeconomic Status, and Self-Rated Health in Europe," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(23), pages 1-12, November.
    10. García-Muñoz, Teresa & Neuman, Shoshana & Neuman, Tzahi, 2014. "Health Risk Factors among the Older European Populations: Personal and Country Effects," IZA Discussion Papers 8529, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    11. Min Ju Kim & Bridget K. Gorman, 2022. "Acculturation and Self-rated Health Among Asian Immigrants: The Role of Gender and Age," Population Research and Policy Review, Springer;Southern Demographic Association (SDA), vol. 41(1), pages 89-114, February.
    12. Kate Choi & Nancy Reichman, 2019. "The health of biracial children in two-parent families in the United States," Demographic Research, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany, vol. 41(8), pages 197-230.
    13. Hasimah Ismail & Mohd Azahadi Omar & Thamil Arasu Saminathan & Muhammad Fadhli Muhammad Yusof & Nor Azian Mohd Zaki & Kuang Kuay Lim & Tahir Aris, 2018. "Prevalence of Undiagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Its Associated Factors Among the Malaysian Population: The 2015 National Health and Morbidity Survey, Malaysia," Global Journal of Health Science, Canadian Center of Science and Education, vol. 10(8), pages 153-153, August.
    14. Stephanie L Prady & Kate E Pickett & Tim Croudace & Lesley Fairley & Karen Bloor & Simon Gilbody & Kathleen E Kiernan & John Wright, 2013. "Psychological Distress during Pregnancy in a Multi-Ethnic Community: Findings from the Born in Bradford Cohort Study," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 8(4), pages 1-11, April.
    15. Jean-Louis Arcand & Béatrice D'hombres, 2004. "Racial discrimination in the Brazilian labour market: wage, employment and segregation effects," Journal of International Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 16(8), pages 1053-1066.
    16. Abdulrahim, Sawsan & Baker, Wayne, 2009. "Differences in self-rated health by immigrant status and language preference among Arab Americans in the Detroit Metropolitan Area," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 68(12), pages 2097-2103, June.
    17. Lindström, Martin, 2008. "Social capital, anticipated ethnic discrimination and self-reported psychological health: A population-based study," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 66(1), pages 1-13, January.
    18. Gee, Gilbert C. & Spencer, Michael & Chen, Juan & Yip, Tiffany & Takeuchi, David T., 2007. "The association between self-reported racial discrimination and 12-month DSM-IV mental disorders among Asian Americans nationwide," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 64(10), pages 1984-1996, May.
    19. Shervin Assari & Anurima Kumar, 2018. "Social Determinants of Physical Self-Rated Health among Asian Americans; Comparison of Six Ethnic Groups," Societies, MDPI, vol. 8(2), pages 1-9, April.
    20. Young-Ho Khang & Hye Kim, 2010. "Self-rated health and mortality: gender- and age-specific contributions of explanatory factors in South Korea," International Journal of Public Health, Springer;Swiss School of Public Health (SSPH+), vol. 55(4), pages 279-289, August.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:16:y:2019:i:19:p:3705-:d:272618. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.